In the past, this was impossible in some areas along this important shipping route. USFWS teams carry out environmental monitoring and maintenance to protect the native wildlife. [2] Due to the atoll's tilt, much of the reef on the southeast portion has subsided. The base was used to store Agent Orange between April 1972 and September 1977. Selecting the righttoolshelps usensure the survival oflocal plants and animals and helpsfulfill the purposeof the refuge. It is the world's largest colony of red-tailed tropicbirds, with 10,800 nests in 2020. Permanent markers were placed at each corner of the landfill to identify the landfill area. "[40] The nuclear yield was reported in most official documents as "less than 20 kilotons." [54], According to Project SHAD veteran Jack Alderson who commanded the Army tugs, area three at Johnston Atoll was located at the most downwind part of the island and consisted of an collapsible Nissen hut to be used for weapons preparation and some communications.[56]. [28], In 1970, operational control was handed back to the Air Force until July 1973, when Defense Special Weapons Agency was given host-management responsibility by the Secretary of Defense. The Air Force submitted an application to EPA to renew the permit in 2011 and submitted an updated application in September 2018 (see below). Johnston Island and Sand Island were designated wildlife refuges in 1926. The islands combined land area is about 1.1 square miles (2.8 square km), Johnston Island constituting the vast bulk of the total. In 1990, two full-time U.S. On February 14, 1941, President Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8682 to create naval defense areas in the central Pacific territories. The permit for a LORAN station to operate on Johnston Island was terminated in 1962. From assessing the value of lands for conservation to tracking the spread of an invasive species, maps help conservation managers make more effective decisions. During World War II Johnston Atoll was used as a refueling base for submarines, and also as an aircraft refueling stop for American bombers transiting the Pacific Ocean, including the Boeing B-29 Enola Gay. The "Fishbowl" series included four failures, all of which were deliberately disrupted by range safety officers when the missiles' systems failed during launch and were aborted. All of the chemical weapons once stored on Johnston Island were demilitarized and the agents incinerated at JACADS, with the process completed in year 2000, followed by the destruction of legacy hazardous waste material associated with chemical weapon storage and cleanup. [17] The United States Undersea Cable Corporation was awarded contracts to lay underwater cable in the Pacific. Munitions destruction is now complete. One report by the U.S. government reported the yield of the "Tightrope" test as 10 kilotons. In 2009 it was designated part of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument. McPHEE COMMANDER. The islands guano deposits were worked until the early 20th century. The surrounding waters are home to a large variety of fishes and to other marine animals such as green sea turtles; in addition, vast numbers of seabirds visit the islands. 1 (LE-1) as a start for the cleanup program. Thus, some of the configuration details of SAMOS were decided less by engineering logic than by the need to camouflage GAMBIT and thus, in theory, a GAMBIT could be launched without alerting many people to its real nature. Fish and Wildlife Service eradicates yellow crazy ants from seabird wildlife refuge", World License Plates: License Plates of Johnston Atoll, JACADS Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System, U.S. Thor; Vegetation is limited to bunchgrass, herbs, and some introduced palm trees. A yellow-orange disc was formed, and transformed itself into a purple doughnut. The fisherman was transferred from the Taiwanese fishing vessel Sheng Yi Tsai No. [42] The chemical weapons were brought from Okinawa under Operation Red Hat with the re-deployment of the 267th Chemical Company and consisted of rockets, mines, artillery projectiles, and bulk 1-ton containers filled with Sarin, Agent VX, vomiting agent, and blister agent such as mustard gas. The United States Army leased 41 acres (17ha) on the Atoll to store chemical weapons held in Okinawa, Japan. Few of natures wonders are more eye-catching and breathtaking than rainbows. Official websites use .gov On November 1, 1957, a new United States Coast Guard LORAN-A station was commissioned. [71], Since the base was closed, the atoll has been visited by many vessels crossing the Pacific, as the deserted atoll has a strong lure due to the activities once performed there. Located716 nautical miles southwest from Honolulu, the formation of theatoll began 70 million yearsago through a series of underwater volcanic eruptions. A board shed was built on the southeast side of the larger island, and a small tramline run up onto the slope of the low hill, to facilitate the removal of guano. The runway was complete by December 7, 1941, though in December 1943 the 99th Naval Construction Battalion arrived at the atoll and proceeded to lengthen the runway to 6,000 feet (1,800m). Johnston is a coral atoll about 700 mi southwest of Hawaii. [44], The Baker-Nunn space camera station was constructed on Sand Island and was functioning by 1965. Access to the atoll is via ocean vessel. During that time, it was variously used as a naval refueling depot, an airbase, a testing site for nuclear and biological weapons, a secret missile base, and a site for the storage and disposal of chemical weapons and Agent Orange. [59] The remainder of the chemical weapons was a small number of World War II era weapons shipped from the Solomon Islands. "Tightrope" was the final test of Operation Fishbowl and detonated on November 3, 1962. The USCG was granted permission to install a LORAN A and C station on Sand Island to be staffed by U.S. Coast Guard personnel through June 30, 1992. Although the ships were unloaded within nine days, the unpacking and storing of munitions continued into 1991. [49] An estimated 10 percent of the plutonium from the test device was in the fill used to make the ramp. Johnston Island was also used as the launch site of 124 sounding rockets going up as high as 1,158 kilometers (720 miles). The building remains standing but was gutted entirely in 2004, during an asbestos abatement project. Between 1958 and 1975, Johnston Atoll was used as an American national nuclear test site for atmospheric and extremely high-altitude nuclear explosions in outer space. By September 1941, construction of an airfield on Johnston Island commenced. [65], Built in 1964, the JOC is a four-floor concrete and steel administration building for the island that has no windows and was built to withstand a category IV tropical cyclone as well as atmospheric nuclear tests. As the only shallow water and dry land area in 450,000 square miles of ocean, Johnston Atoll is an oasis for reef and bird life. [30] Several seaplanes made flights from Hawaii to Johnston, such as that of a squadron of six aircraft in November, 1935. Tour routes of great scenic drives on National Wildlife Refuges. Johnston Atoll is an island located off the southwest coast of Hawaii. [33] By 1944, the atoll was one of the busiest air transport terminals in the Pacific. [30] The runway was subsequently lengthened and improved as the island was enlarged. The site was used for high-altitude nuclear tests in the 1950s and 1960s, and until late in 2000 the atoll was maintained as a storage and disposal site for chemical . The original U.S. Coast Guard LORAN-A Station on Johnston Island ceased operations on June 30, 1961, when the new station on nearby Sand Island began transmitting using a larger 180 foot antenna. Prior to the beginning of destruction operations at JACADS, the atoll held about 6.6% of the entire U.S. stockpile of chemical weapons. [18] Tents were pitched on the southwest beach of fine white sand, and a rather thorough biological survey was made of the island. This includes coral and coralline algae, about 300 species of reef fish, threatened green sea turtles, and seabirds such as the great frigatebird, red-footed booby, redtailed tropicbird, sooty tern, and others. In 1963, the U.S. Senate ratified the Limited Test Ban Treaty, which contained a provision known as "Safeguard C". In 1958, Johnston Atoll was the location of the two "Hardtack I" nuclear tests firings. It consists of four small islandsJohnston Island, Sand Island, Hikina Island, and Akau Islandwhich lie on a 9-mile-long reef. In 1993 a satellite communication ground station was added to augment the atoll's communications capability. Only U.S. government ships and aircraft were permitted to enter the naval defense areas at Johnston unless authorized by the Secretary of the Navy. The final Fishbowl launch that used a Thor missile carried the "Kingfish" 400-kiloton warhead up to its 98-kilometer (61mi) detonation altitude. As a result, Air Micronesia service was immediately discontinued, and missile firings were terminated with the exception of two 1975 satellite launches deemed critical to the island's mission. [30]:159 Additional Japanese shelling occurred on December 22 and 23, 1941. The collected radioactive soil and other debris was buried in a landfill created within the former LE-1 area from June 2002 through November 11, 2002. It is estimated that one jet with bioweapon spray "would probably be more efficient at causing human deaths than a ten-megaton hydrogen bomb. Johnston and Sand Islands were designated wildlife refuges in 1926. The range safety officer sent a destruct signal 65 seconds after launch, and the missile was destroyed at approximately 10.6 kilometers (6.6 miles) altitude. They nest mostly on the ground, in burrows, or in the low-lying native plants like naupaka. [76], Johnston Atoll has never had any indigenous inhabitants, although during the late part of the 20th century, there were averages of about 300 American military personnel and 1,000 civilian contractors present at any given time. [7], Seabird species recorded as breeding on the atoll include Bulwer's petrel, wedge-tailed shearwater, Christmas shearwater, white-tailed tropicbird, red-tailed tropicbird, brown booby, red-footed booby, masked booby, great frigatebird, spectacled tern, sooty tern, brown noddy, black noddy, and white tern. [15] In June of the same year, S. C. Allen, sailing on the Kalama under a commission from King Kamehameha IV of Hawaii, landed on Johnston Atoll, removed the American flag, and claimed the atoll for the Kingdom of Hawaii. GEODSS tracked satellites at night, though the MIT Lincoln Laboratory test site, co-located with Site 1 at White Sands did track asteroids in daytime as proof of concept in the early 1980s. The possibility of humpback whales using the waters as a breeding ground has been suggested, albeit in small numbers and with irregular occurrences so far. niger), (Bacillus atrophaeus), Notes for Project SHAD presentation by Jack Alderson given to Institute of Medicine on April 19, 2012 for SHAD II study, "A Success Story, JACADS -U.S. Army's Chemical Materials Activity", "267th Unit History via Johnston Island Memories website", "A Success Story: Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System", "Final report of the Federal Task Force for Hazardous Materials Management of the Western Federal Regional Council Region IX, August 1, 1973 to June 30, 1977", "Lesser-Known Symbols of Minor U.S. The same day, the "derelict and abandoned" atoll was declared part of the domain of Kamehameha IV. A tour of Johnston Atoll, KH3. The failure of the "Bluegill" launch created in effect a dirty bomb but did not release the nuclear warhead's plutonium debris onto Johnston Atoll as the missile fell into the ocean south of the island and was not recovered. The ship's captain, Joseph Pierpont, published his experience in several American newspapers the following year giving an accurate position of Johnston and Sand Island along with part of the reef, but did not name or lay claim to the area. Buildup of Johnston Atoll - YouTube Johnston Island played an important role in Operation Dominic, the 1962 atmospheric nuclear test series conducted by the United States. In 1935, personnel from the US Navy's Patrol Wing Two carried out some minor construction to develop the atoll for seaplane operation. [17] Baker-Nunn were rendered obsolete with the Initial Operational Capability of 3 GEODSS optical tracking sites at Daegu, Korea; Mount Haleakala, Maui and White Sands Missile Range. Starfish Prime was a high-altitude nuclear test conducted by the United States, a joint effort of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and the Defense Atomic Support Agency.It was launched from Johnston Atoll on July 9, 1962, and was the largest nuclear test conducted in outer space, and one of five conducted by the US in space.. A Thor rocket carrying a W49 thermonuclear warhead (designed at . The island has had two RCRA permits to store or treat hazardous waste, the JACADS facility permit and the Johnston Atoll permit. [23] The national monument includes Johnston Atoll National Wildlife Refuge within its boundaries and contains 696 acres (2.82km2) of land and over 800,000 acres (3,200km2) of water area. 2) Sign: WELCOME TO JOHNSTON ATOLL LT COL C.E. However, the Kingdom of Hawaii was overthrown on January 17, 1893. territory. Kita Island is part of Johnston Atoll, which in turn is part of the United Micronations Multi-Oceanic Archipelago (UMMOA), and is located 750 miles south west of Honolulu. The other three islands are Sand Island, a natural islet, and North (Akau) and East (Hikina) Islands, which are manmade. It was then dumped into the lagoon to make a ramp, so the rest of the debris could be loaded onto landing craft to be dumped out into the ocean. Beyond the 1962 nuclear tests, Johnston Atoll was used to store chemical weapons from Okinawa after 1970 and drums of Agent Orange defoliant from the Vietnam War in 1972. On January 16, 1893, the Hawaiian Legation at London reported a diplomatic conference over this temporary occupation of the island. Small releases of chemical weapon components from JACADS were cited by the EPA. In 2004 Johnston Atoll was decommissioned as a military installation, and it was named a U.S. National Wildlife Refuge. Those activities left the area environmentally contaminated, and monitoring continues. [17], The Tanager Expedition was a joint expedition, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Bishop Museum of Hawaii, which visited the Atoll in 1923. Johnston Atoll National Wildlife Refuge is home to numerous species of unique wildlife. Tour de Johnston Atoll - Full Island Tour 2019. "Starfish Prime" also produced an electromagnetic pulse that disrupted some electric power and communication systems in Hawaii. JACADS was demolished by 2003 and the island was stripped of its remaining infrastructure and environmentally remediated. In 1936, the Navy began the first of many changes to enlarge the atoll's land area. One of the easiest ways that anyone can support bird habitat conservation is by buying duck stamps. Over the years, the military enlarged both Johnston and Sand islands by dredging and grading, in addition to creating the two small artificial islands. Rainfall is sparse, and there are no sources of fresh water. 16 52 N. long. On all occasions, Johnston Atoll's coastal artillery guns returned fire, driving off the sub. [31], After the war on March 27, 1949, a PBY-6A Catalina had to make a forced landing during flight from Kwajalein to Johnston Island. During the test, the rocket was destroyed at a height of 109,000 feet after it malfunctioned 90 seconds into the flight. N. and the shoal will not be seen. Tern Island 863.2 km Nonopapa 1131.0 km Port Allen 1191.9 km Nawiliwili Bay 1215.2 km Ahukini Landing 1219.9 km The Port of Johnston Atoll is a very small port in United States Minor Outlying Islands. [57], In 2003, structures and facilities, including those used in JACADS, were removed, and the runway was marked closed. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. 0. johnston atoll conspiracy. About 45,000 tons of soil contaminated with radioactive isotopes was collected and placed into a fenced area covering 24 acres (9.7ha) on the north of the island. The four islands compose a total land area of 2.67 square kilometers (1.03 square miles). Johnston Atoll is an unincorporated territory of the United States and is one of the oldest and most remote atolls in the world. The site was used for high-altitude nuclear tests in the 1950s and 1960s, and until late in 2000 the atoll was maintained as a storage and disposal site for chemical weapons. Watch on. Reel 1: 1) Photographic and recording equipment. [22], There were many times when the runway was needed for emergency landings for both civil and military aircraft. It created a very brief fireball visible over a wide area, plus bright artificial auroras visible in Hawaii for several minutes. The proposed sale did not include running water, electricity, or activation of the closed runway. The area was known as the Radiological Control Area, and heavily contaminated with highly radioactive Plutonium. Looking at a closeup, it appears that the buildings were razed, although I suppose it is possible that the sand-colored stuff where the buildings used to be is the result of another editing job. It drives everythingwe dofrom the purposearefuge is established,to the recreational activities offeredthere,to the resource management toolswe use. The ground floor has a side building attached which served as a facility for decontamination that contained three long snaking corridors and 55 shower heads one could walk through during decontamination. The subsequent nuclear weapon launch failures from Johnston Atoll caused serious contamination to the island and surrounding areas with weapons-grade plutonium and americium that remains an issue to this day. All doors of the JOC except one have been welded shut. The biological agents released during this test included Francisella tularensis (formerly called Pasteurella tularensis) (Agent UL), the causative agent of tularemia; Coxiella burnetii (Agent OU), causative agent of Q fever; and Bacillus globigii (Agent BG). Johnston Atoll is #8 Most Wanted DXCC entity globally. Three species were described Lepturus repens, Boerhavia diffusa, and Tribulus cistoides. When the runway was decommissioned, it could no longer be used as a potential emergency landing place when planning flight routes across the Pacific Ocean. The island is home to thriving communities of nesting seabirds and has significant marine biodiversity. It consists of four small islands on a raised coral atoll formation that are partially enclosed on the north and west by a 7.5-mile (12-km) semicircular reef. Fish and Wildlife Service is partnering with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, state and territorial governments and others to conserve the ocean and remote islands and atolls in it. [2] The atoll, which is located on a coral reef platform, has four islands. [57] Chemical agents were stored in the high security Red Hat Storage Area (RHSA) which included hardened igloos in the weapon storage area, the Red Hat building (#850), two Red Hat hazardous waste warehouses (#851 and #852), an open storage area, and security entrances and guard towers. of Sept. 1796, at midnight, in company with the sch. Between 1958 and 1975, many scientific sounding rockets were also launched from Johnston Island. The primary means of transportation to this island was the airport, which had a paved military runway, or alternatively by ship via a pier and ship channel through the atoll's coral reef system. Operations vary based on local public health conditions. [66], On December 9, 2007, the United States Coast Guard swept the runway at Johnston Island of debris and used the runway in the removal and rescue of an ill Taiwanese fisherman to Oahu, Hawaii. From 1990 until 1993, the Army conducted four planned periods of Operational Verification Testing (OVT), required by Public Law 100456. It seems easy to ride a bike around there but difficult to operate ham radio where it's commonly known DXpedition operators leave no footprints on such trips. Johnston Atoll is also considered habitat for the endangered Hawaiian Monk Seal and a threatened coral species. [60], Agent Orange was brought to Johnston Atoll from South Vietnam and Gulfport, Mississippi, in 1972 under Operation Pacer IVY and stored on the northwest corner of the island known as the Herbicide Orange Storage site but dubbed the "Agent Orange Yard". [66], Rows of bunkers in the Red Hat Storage Area remain intact; however, an agreement was established between the U.S. Army and EPA Region IX on August 21, 2003, that the Munitions Demilitarization Building (MDB) at JACADS would be demolished and the bunkers in the RHSA used for disposal of construction rubble and debris. Please click here to see any active alerts. The base had six 2.5-megawatt electrical generators using diesel engines. [8] It is visited by migratory shorebirds, including the Pacific golden plover, wandering tattler, bristle-thighed curlew, ruddy turnstone and sanderling. Mapping plays an important role in conservation. 14. [10], The first list of plants catalogued on Johnston Atoll was published in 1931 in Vascular Plants of Johnston and Wake Islands based on collections of the Tanager Expedition on in 1923. Remediation at the Radiation Control Area included the construction of a 61-centimeter-thick cap of coral sealing the landfill. Sep 7, 2021 | 4. [77][78], National nuclear weapon test site 19581963, BakerNunn satellite tracking camera station, Johnston Island Recovery Operations Center, Chemical weapon demilitarization mission 19902000, Board on Army Science and Technology (BAST) building, Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System: Storage and Disposal of the European Munition Stock Pile: Environmental Impact Statement, Volume 2, 1990, pp.86, "DISCOVERY. The uninhabited atoll was discovered in 1796 by an American ship, which ran aground there. The Catalina pilot made a normal power landing and immediately applied throttle for take-off. Two of the fourJohnston and Sand islandsare natural, and the other two are man-made by dredging. The LORAN-C station was disestablished on July 1, 1992, and all Coast Guard personnel, electronic equipment, and property departed the atoll that month. "[51], In the lead up to biological warfare testing in the Pacific under Project 112 and Project SHAD, a new virus was discovered during the Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program by teams from the Smithsonian's Division of Birds aboard a United States Army tugboat involved in the program. However, the Department of Agriculture had no ships, and the United States Navy was interested in the atoll for strategic reasons, so with Executive Order 6935 on December 29, 1934, President Franklin D. Roosevelt placed the islands under the "control and jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Navy for administrative purposes", but subject to use as a refuge and breeding ground for native birds, under the United States Department of the Interior. The U.S. [28] Over the years, sequential descendant organizations have been the Defense Atomic Support Agency (DASA) from 1959 to 1971, the Defense Nuclear Agency (DNA) from 1971 to 1996, and the Defense Special Weapons Agency (DSWA) from 1996 to 1998. In 1962, plutonium pollution following three failed nuclear missile launches was heaviest near the destroyed launch emplacement, in the lagoon offshore of the launch pad, and near Sand Island. Fish and Wildlife Service. Omissions? Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Johnston Atoll is currently uninhabited except for visits by U.S. Johnston Atoll, unincorporated territory of the United States in the central Pacific Ocean, about 825 miles (1,330 km) southwest of Honolulu. [22], The atoll was placed up for auction via the U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) in 2005 before it was withdrawn. 3) 1353d Photo Flt personnel with equipment. JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. [41] Seven sounding rockets were launched from Johnston Island in support of the Tightrope test, and this was the final American nuclear atmospheric test. Check alerts and local conditions on this website and call ahead for current information. Operations included the use of the ship's deep water mapping systems (Kongsberg EM302 multibeam sonar, EK60 split-beam fisheries sonars, Knudsen 3260 chirp sub-bottom profiler sonar, and Teledyne Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers), XBT and Underway CTD casts in support of multibeam sonar mapping . SAMOS was first launched in 1960, but not operational until 1963 with all of the missions being launched from Vandenberg AFB. The Thor missile was carrying one pod, two re-entry vehicles and the W50 nuclear warhead. Johnston Atoll is located in the Pacific Ocean about 717 nautical miles west-southwest of Hawaii. SAMOS was also known by the unclassified terms Program 101 and Program 201. An invasive species is any plant or animal that has spread or been introduced into a new area where they are, or could, cause harm to the environment, economy, or human, animal, or plant health. On July 10, 1961, work was initiated on four buildings of the Johnston Island Recovery Operations Center for the National Reconnaissance Office. Fish and Wildlife Service personnel, a Refuge Manager and a biologist, were stationed on Johnston Atoll to handle the increase in biological, contaminant, and resource conflict activities. [citation needed] On September 11, 1909, Johnston was leased by the Territory of Hawaii to a private citizen for fifteen years. Fish and Wildlife Service, who achieved a 99% reduction in ant numbers by 2013. If you experience a problem reading a document with assistive technology, please contact us. The USSTanager left Honolulu on July 16 and joined up with the Whippoorwill to complete the survey and then traveled to Wake Island to complete surveys there. [34] Just before movement of the chemical munitions to Johnston Atoll, the Surgeon General, Public Health Service, reviewed the shipment and the Johnston Atoll storage plans. It allows us to have a broader impact on conservation by facilitating evidence-based decisions, refining conservation plans and policies, and improving the science of restoration. Safeguard C was the basis for maintaining Johnston Atoll as a "ready to test" above-ground nuclear testing site should atmospheric nuclear testing ever be deemed to be necessary again. The Johnston Atoll Chemical Agents Disposal System (JACADS) facility was completed in July 1990. One of the most isolated atolls in the world, Johnston Atoll is located in the central Pacific Ocean, between the Hawaiian Islands and the Line Islands. Johnston Atoll is a National Wildlife Refuge and part of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument. [69][70], On August 22, 2006, Johnston Island was struck by Hurricane Ioke. Located 716 nautical miles southwest from Honolulu, the formation of the atoll began 70 million years ago through a series of underwater volcanic eruptions. Transition to full-scale operations started in May 1993, but the facility did not begin full-scale operations until August 1993. Following World War II, Johnston Atoll Airport was used commercially by Continental Air Micronesia, touching down between Honolulu and Majuro. Both tests detonated 3.8-megaton hydrogen bombs launched to high altitudes by rockets from Johnston Atoll. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. There were no official license plates issued for use on Johnston Atoll. Sighted in 1807 by an English mariner, Captain C.J. Established as a bird refuge in 1926, and managed today as a national wildlife refuge [15] However, this did not prevent the Hawaiian Territory from making use of the atoll or asserting ownership. Later that year, Kamehameha revoked the lease granted to Allen when he learned the atoll had been claimed previously by the United States. King Tut Block) to prevent access to the bunker interior. The 2000 census counted 315 people on Johnston Atoll and 1 person on Wake There has been no indigenous population, except at the 1940 census. According to reputable license plate collectors, a number of Johnston Atoll license plates were created as souvenirs, and have even been sold online to collectors, but they were not officially issued. The Monument boundary is a complete 200 mile radius around Johnston Atoll. Established as a bird refuge in 1926,and managed today as a national wildlife refuge The reefs and shallow water abounded with fish and other marine life.[17]. On October 15, 1962, the "Bluegill Double Prime" test also misfired. Part of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, Johnston Atoll is home to a variety of wildlife, which includes one of the largest known nesting populations of red-tailed tropicbirds, more than 300 species of fish, and a shallow coral reef that encompasses approximately 32,000 acres.

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