Newspapers are spread about the room, and beyond his desk are several sculptures, including a Buddha. According to its Q3 earnings report, the company has more than $3 billion in liquidity to tap into to ensure that growth continues. Companies Turning to Futures to Meet Carbon Reduction Goals, Modern Slavery Act Transparency Statement. In another scenario, growth accelerated by the lower tax rate may inspire a more aggressive Federal Reserve, Hall surmises. It is free to register and only takes a minute or two. Hall isnt worried. . No one knows exactly when a bubble will pop or what precisely will trigger the stock markets fall. Grantham started one of the world's first index funds in the early 1970s.In 2011 he was included in the 50 Most Influential ranking of Bloomberg Markets magazine. He was not alive to witness the 1929 bubble, but has studied it closely. "You need to distribute the income more evenly. She says the central bank could hike rates, tamping down economic growth. FPL alone contributed $836 million to net income in the third quarter of 2021. History shows that even geniuses may fall victim to market euphoria. He believes that this bubble is coming to an end. His . Grantham is also a prolific stock market bear, having successfully predicted the dot-com bubble in the 90s and correctly foresaw the arrival of the subprime mortgage crisis in 2007 along with Burry. A short, sharp break off of all-time highs is never how bear markets begin., Instead, they tend to fall by 2 to 3 percent a month over their entire duration, with most of the decline coming in the last 40 percent. The breaking of the bubble is a wonderfully unknowable thing, he says. Every single one of them has broken all the way back to the trend that existed prior to the bubble forming, which is a very tough standard. 1. He enrolled in the Economics program at the University of Sheffield and he earned his bachelors degree at the institution. His firm has been such a great success because of his ability to predict market direction for the best allocation of assets based on these estimations. His career, Read More 10 Things You Didnt Know About Alex ZhavoronkovContinue. A Division of NBCUniversal. And I want her to be net short for the next burst, Grantham notes. 3 . . So yes, you have to tax the better off, particularly the super rich.". [2][3] Grantham started one of the world's first index funds in the early 1970s.[4]. GMO has seen this number halve to US$65 billion in assets under management as of Dec 2020. GMO manages money for institutional investors, overseeing $74 billion as of the end of September. Robert Jeremy Goltho Grantham (born 6 October 1938) is a British investor and co-founder and chief investment strategist of Grantham, Mayo, & van Otterloo (GMO), a Boston-based asset management firm. Butin a past life he had a much more gung-ho approach to things that go up. Reset here, By Chris Sloley, Auguste Grignon Dumoulin, 1999 - 2023 citywire.com. ", "It is, amazingly, economically ineffective," he added. Ben Steverman. Investments in such startups advance the fight against climate change while also, Grantham said, providing the chance for stunning returns. His score was 48 percent. He is the leader of a company called BrowserStack. So it's simply illogical to give up the really high probabilities involved at the asset class level. You may even be able to get a piece of them or stocks like them with your spare pennies. The woman wasnt satisfied with her $300,000 house crawling up a few percentage points in value when stocks had risen by double digits annually since 2009. Half the portfolio is slated for green venture investments, including $74 million deployed by Grantham and his team in 34 startups that they designate neglected climate opportunities. For these, he said, we only pick ideas that seem extremely important, ideas that have the potential to change the world.. Jeremy Grantham, co-founder of investment house GMO, thinks we are in a "super bubble" that is going to pop, just as the housing bubble did in 2008 and the dot-com bubble did in 2000, not to mention Japan's in 1989. You might expect to see Tesla in this spot, but Grantham believes the electric vehicle leaders stock is in a bubble of its own. He Attended, Read More 10 Things You Didnt Know about Mike DeCesareContinue, Alex Zhavoronkov is the chief executive officer of a company called Insilico Medicine. Grantham also said the wealth inequality in the U.S. is approaching that of countries like Brazil and Chile. He was born during an era when the planet was in far less dire straights than it is at the present. The acronym is short for Grantham, Mayo & van Otterloo. Hes seen the impacts of pollution and the shifts in the climate that have steadily increased through the decades hes been on this earth. In his recent interview on The Moneyweek Podcast, Jeremy Grantham discussed what might bring this latest prolonged bubble to an end, and the role of the 'confidence termites'. When there is deviation from historical means (averages), the firm may take an investment position based on anticipated return to the mean. Allen Lee is a Toronto-based freelance writer who studied business in school but has since turned to other pursuits. But I think it will recover and go to new highs. Grantham expects the melt-up to eventually lead to a 50 percent drop in the stock market, if not more. HarperCollins, "As the bubble grew, GMO systematically reduced exposure to Japan. But Grantham, who is donating more than 90 percent of his net worth to environmental initiatives, thinks such a levy is necessary. 1 Year. Davis has an impressive career and stands as a solid example for upcoming aspiring entrepreneurs. Lutke, 41, has a net worth of $14 billion, according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index. It is his belief that a carbon tax would be the start of a good solution. To be eligible, technologies must be feasible as businesses soon. [18][19][20][21] The potential conflict of interest with Grantham's philanthropic engagement for the "beyond coal" campaign of the Sierra Club[22] was criticized in Jeff Gibbs' documentary Planet of the Humans. They tend to move slowly, with monthly or quarterly investment committee meetings, according to Fisher. He candidly warned investors that this is a time when you should be nervous about the stock market and your investment strategies. Capricorn Investment Group, founded by EBay billionaire Jeff Skoll, recommended QuantumScape to Grantham in 2013, when he was relatively new to green investing. He has been a vocal critic of various governmental responses to the Global Financial Crisis from 2007 to 2010. Legendary investor Jeremy Grantham is generally known for his pessimism about the stock market. In August, the firm said its going public via a SPAC. It's actually a myth about how to make money on Facebook Robert Jeremy Goltho Grantham - Jeremy Grantham. Please only use it for a guidance and Jeremy Grantham's actual income may vary a lot from the dollar amount shown above. Its an unfair advantage for green investing, Grantham said. Beyond Carbon's ultimate goal is to have every remaining coal plant in America shut down by 2030, replacing them with clean, sustainable sources of energy instead. The Free Press, ISBN 9780684864433, Grantham Institute - Climate Change and Environment, Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, Commander of the Order of the British Empire, "Obama's 'predictably irrational' economic policies", "Housing market a 'time bomb' says investment legend", 'Derde beurscrash komt eraan en wordt een ongekend bloedbad' | Het Financieele Dagblad, "Jeremy Grantham, environmental philanthropist: 'We're trying to buy time for the world to wake up', "Grantham's Bubble Gun Hasn't Been Triggered", "How to Spot Stock Market Bubbles (Rebroadcast) - Barron's Streetwise Barron's Podcasts", "GMO's Jeremy Grantham on Climate Change and Investable Ideas", "What You Should Know About Investing in Timber", "Terence Corcoran: The hottest doc of the year kills green energy", "Grantham Institute Climate Change and the Environment - Imperial College London", "Investing Prophet Jeremy Grantham Takes Aim at Climate Change", "American Academy of Arts and Sciences 2014 Class List", "Carnegie Medal of Philanthropy: Hanne and Jeremy Grantham", "ABC singer takes centre stage in honorary degree ceremonies", Time to Wake Up: Days of Abundant Resources and Falling Prices Are Over Forever, Jeremy Grantham on population growth, China and climate sceptics, Jeremy Grantham on global economy | CNBC Television | published on Mar 7, 2019 | youtube.com, Jeremy Grantham's "Race of Our Lives" speech -- presented in Chicago at the 2018 Morningstar Investment Conference (video and text), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeremy_Grantham&oldid=1123163307, Commanders of the Order of the British Empire, Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Erin Browne, head of asset allocation for UBS Asset Management, isnt too concerned about the S&P 500 being historically expensive. We wouldnt really expect it to have a longer-term impact.. This time, Grantham wrote in a research paper . He ordered a slash at GMO in the companys free-allocation strategy that brought it down from 55% all the way down to 25% by the end of April for asset allocation. Pioneering Portfolio Management People will say, Heck, we wanted to get to 2 percent. Grantham would like to see a carbon tax, 10. FPL alone contributed $836 million to net income in the third quarter of 2021. . Articles Mr. Grantham co-founded GMO in 1977 and is a member of GMO's Asset Allocation team, serving as the firm's long-term investment strategist. This page was last edited on 22 November 2022, at 07:05. But Grantham hasnt always gotten everything right, either. [27] With his wife, Hannelore, he received the Carnegie Medal for Philanthropy. How do you become obsessed with avoiding market bubbles? Here's an excerpt from the interview: In terms of the entire bear market, it would be unusual for it to bottom out anywhere near this high. The storied investor said the US stock market could crash as much as 45% from current levels, with the S&P 500 dropping to around 2,500. Grantham warned in a January 3 letter that, in his very personal view, investors should brace for a melt-up in the near term. Grantham says his venture-capital portfolio has returned 19 per cent annually over the past decade, including a 102 per cent jump in 2020, a watershed year. U.S. stocks havent looked cheap. Jeremy Grantham. But Grantham, who is donating more than 90 percent of his net worth to environmental initiatives, thinks such a levy is necessary. He took the proceeds and donated it all to help fight global warming. Lets not forget that Grantham recently said that inflation and overvalued stocks could trigger a correction that puts the crash of 1929 to shame. the three richest people in the world have more wealth than half the U.S. population, "I arrived in 1964, and America was a fairly equal place with fairly rapid mobility between socioeconomic classes," Grantham told CNBC's Wilfred Frost. Required fields are marked *. Jeremy Grantham was listed on one of the most distinguished lists in the business world. Hans Lee. "You need to distribute the income more evenly. Kun napsautat Hyvksy kaikki, hyvksyt sen, ett Yahoo ja kumppanimme ksittelevt henkiltietojasi ja nyttvt evsteiden kaltaisten tekniikoiden avulla sinulle rtlity mainontaa ja sislt sek hydyntvt nit tekniikoita mainosten ja sislln mittaamisessa, kohderyhmtiedoissa ja tuotekehityksess. So we kept putting organization people people who can influence and persuade and cajole into top jobs that once-in-a-blue-moon take great creativity and historical insight. Jeremy Grantham is an advocate for saving the world from climate change, 9. Plug Power is racing to the forefront of the hydrogen fuel cell industry. Sen. Bernie Sanders, D-VT, wants to raise estate taxes for rich heirs and Sen. Elizabeth Warren, D-Mass., has proposed an "ultra-millionaire" tax. Electrical services provider NextEra Energy could have more long-term upside. Get burned by one of course! [7], Grantham's investment philosophy can be summarised by his commonly used phrase "reversion to the mean." Source: Bloomberg, 00:37:10. Shopify co-founder Tobias Lutke's family office, Thistledown, is among the CREO members who have invested alongside Grantham. As climate change continues to cause the Earth to warm and increasingly alarming environmental side effects continue to pile up, the race to see if the human race can solve (or at least deal with) the problem is heating up as well. Sir Isaac Newton was wiped out by the South Sea bubble in the early 1700s, for instance. Grantham sees U.S. bonds losing 3.1% per year. All Rights Reserved. This is a fan page with quotes and articles on the investor Jeremy Grantham. GMO is one of the largest managers of such funds in the world, having more than . I described it as being like watching a train wreck in very slow motion. We have found that there are no exceptions. Grantham GMOs chief investment strategist has a decadeslong grasp of markets to inform his bets. You can catch up (and subscribe), Breaking news, analysis and cutting edge commentary from our award-winning team and leading industry voices, The latest news and other relevant content from selected Citywire partners. When we turned bearish, we lost clients because of it. Fisher believed the technology sector would implode because so many unprofitable companies were burning through cash and depending on markets to raise money. Individual investors have an advantage over institutions in making bold allocation decisions because they dont face career risk. One of the world's most famous fund managers says Wall Street is a "super bubble" waiting to burst and a "terrible lust" for profits will bring investors und. All the promises were in the end worth nothing, except for one; the Fed did what it could to pick up the pieces and help the markets get into stride for the next round of enhanced prices and ensuing decline. We thought a pullback would be normal, says Jill Carey Hall, an equities strategist with Bank of America Merrill Lynch. Pundits shilling for the likes of Pets.com dominated television. His investments there include Lilac Solutions, a startup that aims to find new lithium sources. You can catch up (and subscribe)here. Many people ask about the amount of money Jeremy Grantham makes from Instagram. This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. And in the leading pack, you almost have to give it up for billionaire investor Jeremy Grantham, who has pledged a billion dollars - some 98 percent of his net worth - to the fight against . All Rights Reserved. The reality is, when you really get to a stock market peak, people dont want to believe any of that, he says. GMO has seen this number halve to US$65 billion in assets under management as of Dec 2020. Jeremy Grantham News. 6,155 Followers. NextEra's stock has had a bumpy ride this year, but it's up about 14% since the start of 2021. . Another concern for Grantham is the green economys surging demand for rare metals needed in batteries and other technologies. That's what the United Nations estimates Earth's population will be in the year 2100. Weve had 90 years to study 1929 we still dont know why it broke when it did. There were, though, crazy stories prognosticating the crash, like the shoeshine boy giving out stock tips. We are up to 34 completed bubbles. This has been an unprecedented event in our recent history, but Grantham was on top of it before the worst came to pass. Q3 2021 also saw the company bring in $210 million from operations, a 32% increase over the same period last year. SEC Reporting. He attended local schools in the area and upon completion of his high school he went on to attend college in his home country. Still, Grantham believes the market may ultimately forgive a modest rise in inflation as the Federal Reserve has aimed for and missed its 2 percent target for years. Jeremy Grantham is a British businessman and investor who is known for his accurate predictions in the financial arena, particularly on the stock market. . Global Business and Financial News, Stock Quotes, and Market Data and Analysis. Filing Date. Seeing these things requires more people with a historical perspective who are more thoughtful and more right-brained but we end up with an army of left-brained immediate doers. as of march 2021, the bloomberg billionaires index estimates former president donald trump's net worth to be $2.33 billion. And here we are again, waiting for the last dance and, eventually, for . "Now it's worse than the U.K. Jeremy Grantham got rich steering clients away from bubbles in late-1980s Japan in turn-of-the-century tech stocks and in US. He achieved success in the world of the executive leadership of a very successful, Read More 10 Things You Didnt Know About Ritesh AroraContinue, Michael DeCesare is the CEO and President of Forescout. Here are ten things about him that you may not know. For those who are curious, this is a fantasy football game, which stands out to some extent because it uses Ethereum-based blockchain tech. Vaccines and Pent-Up Demand Will Jazz Stocks, Says Paul Tudor Jones. Media. Bank of America strategists expect the S&P 500 to finish 2018 at 3,000, she points out. Notable investor Jeremy Grantham is doubling down on his bubble call, saying the conditions in the . Most of Granthams early climate investments were completely disastrous, he said, but QuantumScape more than made up. Many people ask this question about the money Jeremy Grantham makes from Facebook. [24] The 2011 tax filing for the Grantham Foundation for the Protection of the Environment shows the Foundation donated $1 million to both the Sierra Club and to Nature Conservancy, and $2million to the Environmental Defense Fund that year. The U.S. has been working well on all three fronts, he says, with very low inflation, record corporate profits, and steady, not-too-rapid GDP growth. David F. Swensen and Charles D. Ellis. Grantham also acknowledges his strategy can underperform market averages for years, testing the patience of his clients, but he asserts that his strategy has always paid off long-term by avoiding overvalued assets.[13]. But in a bubble, forget it, he says. . Fisher hasnt seen broad euphoria suggesting that big, bad terrible thing, so its higher prices ahead. He would also expect a major pickup in initial public offerings before a potential collapse. Jeremy was born on October 6, 1938, in Ware, Hertfordshire, England. Dr. Mark Faber, publisher of the Gloom, Boom and Doom Report. JPM AM shuffles line-up on $9bn worth of equity strategies 2 Fund Closure. Jeremy Grantham Born: October 6, 1938 (age 84years), Hertfordshire, United Kingdom, Jeremy Grantham Spouse: Hannelore Grantham, Jeremy Grantham Children: Isabel Grantham Rappoport, Oliver Grantham, Rupert Grantham, Jeremy Grantham Education: The University of Sheffield, Harvard Business School. Generally speaking, the bigger the hexagon is, the more valuable Jeremy Grantham networth should be on the internet! If instead of turning down in February shares had continued to climb at a slightly slower pace through March, Grantham thinks the index might have crossed 3,150 points as a full-fledged bubble. Youre going to feel dreadful.. The volatile cryptocurrencys explosive climb in value is purely speculative, with people buying it on the belief that someone will pay more for it later, Grantham explains. She wants to be in the market, says Grantham, who co-founded GMO in 1977, from his office on the Boston Harbor. jeremygrantham.blogspot.com Joined January 2014. At the COP26 climate summit in Glasgow, Scotland, this month, more than 450 firms managing $130 trillion about 40 per cent of the worlds financial assets pledged to reach net-zero carbon emissions by midcentury, and to set interim goals for 2030. But, given the dangers of climate change, he argues thats a chance he and other superwealthy people should be willing to take. the Briton owned 9.41 million Coca-Cola shares worth 583.5 million US dollars. And it's not just a matter of inflation picking up steam, as he sees inflation-adjusted bonds losing a comparable amount. Tietoja laitteestasi ja Internet-yhteydest (esimerkiksi IP-osoitteesi), Selaaminen ja hakutoiminnot Yahoon verkkosivustojen ja -sovellusten kytn aikana. When the company starts facing stiffer competition, he could wind up being right. He acknowledged in an interview that he is one of the last of his kind with regards to his political viewpoints. 2023 CNBC LLC. "So we have a dreadfully unequal society where the average worker, for an average hour's work, has not made much increase in real income since the mid-1970s, for heaven's sake.". Nov 10, 2022. Venture capital and other private investments now compose more than three-quarters of the $1.4 billion in assets he manages across a foundation, a charitable trust and his personal holdings. GMO had more than US$118 billion in assets under management as of March 2015. Clients care much, much more about underperforming all their friends on the golf course.. . Jeremy Grantham was listed on one of the most distinguished lists in the business world. Wow. This is going on as far as the eye can see. If the research pans out, Grantham is prepared to invest in those startups. Well, it wasn't over-engineered! Recent market volatility produced buying opportunities, she adds, while fundamentals have remained healthy. It was late January, and the U.S. stock market had roared into 2018 posting new highs for six straight trading days. Then, during the second half of 1999, signs of euphoria appeared at local lunch spots. Currently, Lee is practicing the smidgen of Chinese that he picked up while visiting the Chinese mainland in hopes of someday being able to read certain historical texts in their original language. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Your email address will not be published. . REUTERS/Nicholas Roberts. But he has some advice on to where to put your money to avoid the worst. FPL alone contributed $836 million to net income in the third quarter of 2021. . 3 risk-free ways to boost your net worth . 2009 Honorary degree, Imperial College, London. To help you become more familiar with this expert and skilled analyst, here are 10 things that you probably didn't know about Jeremy Grantham. The $10 million in extra Patagonia profits will go towards "groups defending our air, water and land," as well as support for theregenerative organic agriculture movement. That decision, according to the FT, slashed GMO's Benchmark-Free Allocation Fund exposure to US equities from a net 3-4% to a net short position worth about 5% of the $7.5bn portfolio, said Inker . Grantham also personally invests for his sister and children, and has put their money where his mouth is. According to a report from the Institute for Policy Studies, Amazon founder Jeff Bezos, Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates and legendary investor Warren Buffett the three richest people in the world have more wealth than half the U.S. population. . And theres not as much latitude for defensive portfolio adjustments or variance in cash levels compared with individual investors. The market reflects how comfortable and confident investors feel, Grantham says. You can be the smartest guy that lived for a couple thousand years and still get hammered by a bubble, the GMO co-founder notes. Although the impact has been extreme its not expected to cause massive dilution for investors who have shares in select companies, and that once were over the initial bump, the economy will resume its normal functions. Jeremy Grantham is pouring his $1-billion-plus fortune into the climate-change fight. FPL alone contributed $836 million to net income in the third quarter of 2021. Greta Thunberg began advocating for climate change mitigation at the age of 15. Jeremy Grantham got rich steering clients away from bubbles in late-1980s Japan, in turn-of-the-century tech stocks and in US housing before the 2008 financial crisis. The room belongs toRamsay Ravenel' GMO'sexecutive director and one of just two full-time staff members for the massive project. Newton, who transformed science with his laws of motion and gravity, had bought shares in Britains South Sea Company and made a nice return when he unloaded them. The $15 million pledge would act as a substitute for funding from the US towards fighting climate change with the United Nations, likely to be discontinued by the Trump administration. Jeremy Grantham is a British investor and Co-founder and Chief Investment Strategist of Grantham Mayo Van Otterloo , a Boston-based asset management firm. The global economic backdrop looks more precarious than the mid-2000s housing bubble, he said. But hopefully, he will continue to make the most of it and put a dent in the fight against climate change. . His score was 53 percent. Normally the ad cost for an Instagram ad post is based on the number of followers on the account. "I arrived in 1964, and America was a fairly equal place with fairly rapid mobility between socioeconomic classes," Grantham, an investor who manages more than $100 billion in assets at GMO and is famous for calling the last two market bubbles, told CNBC's Wilfred Frost. It was January 2021 when Jeremy Grantham of GMO published a piece on this very website saying that the last dance is near. It was built to do just one under favorable conditions. 2012 Honorary degree, The University of Sheffield. When a crisis occurs, you need competence and courage to deal with it. Follow the topics, people and companies that matter to you. GMO sees emerging-market value stocks making at least a little money at 3.3% per year. . There are a lot of people who started investing in climate this year, said Kavita Surana, a professor at University of Marylands Centre for Global Sustainability. Jeremy Grantham has become a billionaire as the founder of the respected investment group Grantham, Mayo, Van Otterloo & Co. (GMO). Nic Walker. Episode #397: Jeremy Grantham, GMO - Short-Term Pessimist, Long-Term Optimist . Those pushing back against wealth taxes argue they could discourage innovation and potentially hurt economic growth in the long run. Grantham has repeatedly stated his opinion that the rising cost of energy the most fundamental commodity between 2002 and 2008 has falsely inflated economic growth and GDP figures worldwide and that we have been in a "carbon bubble" for approximately the last 250 years in which energy was very cheap. They simply cant stand that one or two of their rivals are playing the game and making a lot of money and making them look bad.. Pink Floyd guitarist David Gilmour has auctioned off 123 guitars from his enormous collection for more than $21 million. Learn how your comment data is processed. The drop in U.S. stocks steepened after the announcement. [8], Grantham has been described as a contrarian investor and permabear. TOP 0.05%. View limitations & usage restriction, Missed an episode of Mistakes Were Made? The prize was administered by the University of Rhode Island's Metcalf Institute for Marine & Environmental Reporting. The online pet retailers sock puppet dog mascot appeared as a balloon in the Macys Thanksgiving Day Parade, and in a Super Bowl ad early the next year. I ask myself, 'Why is it that several dozen people saw this crisis coming for years?' Legendary U.K. investor Jeremy Grantham published a paper claiming the market could lose a total $35 trillion in value should stocks, bonds real estate and commodities return to historical norms . A photograph of the destruction left by Bostons great 1872 fire leans against one wall. His office on Rowes Wharf, with its art, its sofa, and a balcony looking out to the harbor, has a lived-in feel redolent of history and study. Here are, Read More 10 Things You Didnt Know About Justin DavisContinue, Nicolas Julia is one of the co-founders of Sorare. Jeremy Grantham's 13F portfolio value increased marginally from $20.05B to $20.22B this quarter. He predicts that the crisis that has impacted the market and caused instability will be short term. They were interrupted by wars and oil crises, but they wended their way down, he explains. The notorious bear and GMO co-founder has touchy-feely evidence of a market bubble in the making and a battle plan. Recent Filings. Forgot your password? Granthams enthusiasm for startups has influenced his philanthropy. There's at least a little good news here. National Basketball Association net worth, Learn Microsoft Excel with MyExcelOnline podcast episodes, Chiro Hustle Podcast Archives - Chiro Hustle podcast episodes, Messaris Crypto Theses For 2023 podcast episodes, The Outsiders with Chris Bakke, Alex Cohen and Michael Girdley podcast episodes, The Feedback Loop by Singularity podcast episodes, This Is Not Happening: Another X-Files Podcast podcast episodes, The Last Cast: HBO's The Last of Us Recap podcast episodes, Unnis on Oppas: A KDrama Fan Podcast podcast episodes, Teenage Wasteland Degrassi Podcast podcast episodes, Teach-her-ama - A Futurama Podcast podcast episodes.

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