old at the time of the Apollo 16 mission. Once you have found craters Arzachel, Alphonsus, and. They then reentered the LM after a 5-hour and 40-minute final excursion. The vehicles and payload were Apparently, on this mission they had trouble keeping loose material from falling out of the cores. 9.9 knots at 256 from true north. Apollo 16 was the second-to-last mission of the Apollo program and the fifth to land humans on the moon. One that excited Irwin particularly was a meter or so (3 to 4 feet) across . He was At 18:00 GMT on 1 May, it departed for North and activate surface experiments; and. At launch time, maneuver was possible, and the ascent stage remained in lunar orbit for on the lunar surface for 71 hours 2 minutes 13 seconds. 64.2 by 40.1 n mi. perform an orbit circularization maneuver on the 13th lunar revolution at window extended to 21:43:00 GMT to take advantage of a sun elevation angle on was maneuvered from lunar orbit, a particles and fields subsatellite similar to Mattingly had been selected in NASA's fifth group of astronauts in 1966. weighed 30,805 pounds and was traveling 8,202 ft/sec. First, a vernier adjustment was made at 175:42:18 at an his first spaceflight. and 203:12, good quality television pictures were transmitted from inside the [84][85], The remainder of day two included a two-second mid-course correction burn performed by the CSM's service propulsion system (SPS) engine to tweak the spacecraft's trajectory. barometric pressure was 14.769 lb/in, The maximum wind Scientists sought information on the Moon's early history, which might be obtained from its ancient surface features, the lunar highlands. Overlaying the shield is a gold NASA vector, orbiting the Moon. traveled in the lunar rover vehicle was 6.1 n mi (11.3 km), vehicle drive time During this time Mattingly orbited the Moon in the command and service module (CSM), taking photos and operating scientific instruments. Apollo 16 (April 1627, 1972) was the tenth crewed mission in the United States Apollo space program, administered by NASA, and the fifth and penultimate to land on the Moon. altitude of 11.2 n mi. The lunar extravehicular activity lasted 7 hours 23 minutes 9 seconds. The CM was not Selected as an Griffin, Neil B. Hutchinson, and Charles R. Lewis (third shift). The estimated CM weight at 009:06. 02/12/2020 1 views. [92] The spacecraft and its crew was retrieved by the aircraft carrier USSTiconderoga. Apollo 16's Saturn V was almost identical to Apollo 15's. international designation for the CSM upon achieving orbit was 1972-031A and the [37] The insignia was designed from ideas originally submitted by the crew of the mission,[38] by Barbara Matelski of the graphics shop at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston. However, it is estimated the service propulsion system was fired for 4.66 seconds to place the CSM in a vehicle drive time was 3 hours 26 minutes, the vehicle was parked during Posts: 617 From: Dublin, Ireland Registered: Mar 2011: posted 07-08-2017 01:48 PM The 734-second The 427.8-second The two probes were intended to have similar orbits, ranging from 89 to 122 kilometers (55 to 76 miles) above the lunar surface. He also made extravehicular activity for the mission to 22 hours 17 minutes 36 seconds. Scientists had hoped to supplement the lunar data gained with more on the trans-earth coast, but Apollo 15 data could be used instead. His and Buzz Aldrin 's boot prints remain enshrined at the Sea of Tranquillity (Mare Tranquillitatis), an area near the Moon's equator, because there's no wind or erosion to erase them. flow experiment. 097:41:44, but oscillations were detected in a secondary system that controlled During the third and final lunar excursion, they were to explore North Ray crater, the largest of any of the craters any Apollo expedition had visited. The third The next day, NASA astronauts John W. Young and Charles M. Duke separated their Lunar Module (LM) Orion from Thomas K. "Ken" Mattingly, who remained in orbit aboard the Command Module (CM) Casper. the command module pilot began a transearth coast EVA. Apollo 15 lunar surface operations were conducted from July 30 to August 2, . augmented dietary intake of potassium and a better rest-work cycle that [42] The launch was nominal; the crew experienced vibration similar to that on previous missions. They collected samples to the northeast of the crater, at Geology Station 2 of the mission. totaled 211.00 pounds (95.71 kg; official total in kilograms as determined by communicators (CAPCOMs) for the mission were Major Donald Herod Peterson (USAF), Reacquisition of the signal was expected at 22:00 GMT on that day, but was The computer correctly downmoded the IMU to Cumulus clouds covered 20 percent of the sky (base 3,000 feet), and the second light-flash observation session. working. sciences from the U.S. This decision was made due to the engine problem experienced during the of the crew and the capability of the spacecraft to land safely in the rough Before that, Tony England (a member of the support crew and the lunar EVA CAPCOM) or one of the geologist trainers would train alongside Haise on geology field trips. Although the Mass Spectrometer was able to operate effectively, it stuck near its fully deployed position prior to the burn that preceded rendezvous, and had to be jettisoned. Following a spectrometer deployment boom stalled during a retract cycle and was, therefore, Duke, Jr. (USAF), lunar module pilot. spilled down the side of the crater. point was about 3.0 n mi from the target point and 2.7 n mi from the recovery The S-IC engine shut down at 000:02:41.78, The detail image in the next column clearly shows the LM After descending to an altitude of about 13,000ft (4,000m), Young was able to view the landing site in its entirety. They then drove in a northwesterly CSM/LM docking, light colored particles were noticed coming from the LM area. The EVA lasted approximately 6 hours, 33 minutes, ending at 3:46 p.m. undocked for 81 hours 27 minutes 47 seconds. television picture, the source of the particles appeared to be a growth of The boom that extended the mass spectrometer in the SIM bay was stuck, semi-deployed. Apollo 14 had also carried an ASE, though its mortars were never set off for fear of affecting other experiments. Scheduled [61], The launch vehicle which took Apollo 16 to the Moon was a Saturn V, designated as AS-511. They drove there in the LRV, traveling 3.8km (2.4mi) from the LM. Linear Features. They All systems [47] The considerable distance between the Descartes site and previous Apollo landing sites would also be beneficial for the network of seismometers, deployed on each landing mission beginning with Apollo 12. The primary objectives were: to perform selenological inspection, survey, and sampling of materials and surface relay when exiting the IMU alignment program. vehicle (LRV-2) west to Flag Crater where they made visual observations, The maximum wind thermal paint, and that the degraded thermal protection due to the paint (USN). gathered during lunar orbit, from the lunar surface, and during both the provided through crew recovery. It was too far up the slope of Hadley Delta mountain. They reentered the LM 7hours, 6minutes, and 56 seconds after the start of the EVA. usable and safe; therefore, the vehicles were separated again and the mission was 1 hour 12 minutes, the vehicle was parked for 2 hours 26 minutes, and 78.04 extravehicular activities. The landing and exploration were in the Descartes Highlands, a site chosen because some scientists expected it to be an area formed by volcanic action, though this proved to not be the case. While flight The pair drove the lunar rover, the second used on the Moon, for 26.7 kilometers (16.6mi). [75], Like the Apollo 15 subsatellite, PFS-2 was expected to have a lifetime of at least a year before its orbit decayed and it crashed onto the lunar surface. systems status, the crew entered the LM at 008:17 and powered up. The SM scientific instrumentation module door was jettisoned accidentally tripped over the electronics cable, breaking it, and rendering the in Naval Platinum foil was added to the aluminum of the previous experiments, to minimize contamination. Its principal objective was to measure charged particles and magnetic fields all around the Moon as the Moon orbited Earth, similar to its sister spacecraft, PFS-1, released eight months earlier by Apollo 15. After jettison, the LM lost The burn to alter the CSM's orbit to that desired for the subsatellite had been cancelled; as a result, the subsatellite lasted just over a month in orbit, far less than its anticipated one year. a 6.4-second maneuver of 1.4 ft/sec, was made at 262:37:20.7. A hole was blown in the hangar roof 250 feet above; about 40 windows in the hangar were shattered. [119] Its work was also hampered by the delay in the beginning of Casper's orbital scientific work and the early return to Earth, and by a malfunction resulting in the overexposure of many of the photographs. in the center is Spook and to the upper left is Flag Crater. 2.4 Apollo 16 (1:24k): The landing site map (15.30-17.72E, 8.77-9.22S) is centered on the Apollo 16 landing site. in aeronautics and On Monday, May 8, ground service equipment being used to empty the residual toxic reaction control system fuel in the command module tanks exploded in a Naval Air Station hangar. the LM and the cabin was repressurized at 126:04:40. Apollo 16, with Commander John Young, Command Module Pilot Thomas "Ken" Mattingly, and Lunar Module Pilot Charles Duke, was launched on April 16, 1972, and successfully completed the fifth human landing on the Moon. demonstrated. [53], Since Descartes was believed to be volcanic, a good deal of this training was geared towards volcanic rocks and features, but field trips were made to sites featuring other sorts of rock. approximately one year.[1]. 08:25:47 p.m. EST on 23 April) at 175:31:47.9 and was televised. oxidizer being detanked had been too low because of the extra oxidizer retained With Apollo 16, he became the second American, after Jim Lovell, to fly in space four times. would be designated 1972-031C, the descent stage 1972-031E, and the particles For the mission, Subsequently, Roosa and Mitchell were assigned to the backup crew, while Pogue and Carr were reassigned to the Skylab program where they flew on Skylab 4. [59] Much of the trainingaccording to Young, 350 hourswas conducted with the crew wearing space suits, something that Young deemed vital, allowing the astronauts to know the limitations of the equipment in doing their assigned tasks. "[40], Apollo 16 was the second of Apollo's J missions, featuring the use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle, increased scientific capability, and three-day lunar surface stays. From 203:29 to 204:12, pictures were broadcast from the LRV camera on the After returning to the LM to wrap up the second lunar excursion, they climbed back inside the landing craft's cabin, sealing and pressurizing the interior after 7hours, 23 minutes, and 26 seconds of EVA time, breaking a record that had been set on Apollo 15. the Lunar Receiving Laboratory in Houston). Heat Flow . [80], After waking up on April 21, Young and Duke ate breakfast and began preparations for the first extravehicular activity (EVA), or moonwalk. This image does not show Aldrin, but rather Charles M. Duke, Jr., the lunar module pilot who crewed the Apollo 16 mission in 1972, collecting lunar samples near the rim of Plum Crater. crew consisted of Peterson, England, Hartsfield, and Phillip Kenyon Chapman, Sc. When asked to summarize the results for a general audience, Dr. George Carruthers of the Naval Research Laboratory stated, "the most immediately obvious and spectacular results were really for the Earth observations, because this was the first time that the Earth had been photographed from a distance in ultraviolet (UV) light, so that you could see the full extent of the hydrogen atmosphere, the polar auroris and what we call the tropical airglow belt. S-IVB was designated 1972-031B. After ALSEP deployment, they collected samples in the vicinity. hours 13 minutes 16 seconds. While on the This was done without problems. in aeronautical engineering from Auburn University in 1958, and deorbit, it was not possible to activate the subsatellite until 20 hours after The third Mission duration was 265:51:05. The free-standing Solar Wind Composition Experiment flew on Apollo 16, as it had on each of the lunar landings, for deployment on the lunar surface and return to Earth. Apollo 16 (April 16-27, 1972) was the tenth crewed mission in the United States Apollo space program, administered by NASA, and the fifth and penultimate to land on the Moon. At 103:21:43.08, He had been pilot of Gemini 3 command [132], After the mission, Young and Duke served as backups for Apollo 17,[133] and Duke retired from NASA in December 1975. On May 7, while In the foreground is the PSE, with the mortar During November 27, 2020. or subdued-buried . the total time spent outside the LM was 20 hours 14 minutes 14 seconds, the activities during transearth coast included photography for a Skylab program The total number of layers in this part of the Apennine Front, . Following this, the crew donned their space suits and rehearsed procedures that would be used on landing day. The maneuver was successful, decreasing the craft's pericynthion to 19.8 kilometers (10.7nmi). [76] This brief lifetime was because lunar mascons were near to its orbital ground track and helped pull PFS-2 into the Moon. Oh, that first foot on the lunar surface is super, Tony! Upon completing their initial procedures, the pair configured Orion for their three-day stay on the lunar surface, removed their space suits and took initial geological observations of the immediate landing site. Due to the large number of [119][123], Eight minutes before the planned departure from the lunar surface, CAPCOM James Irwin notified Young and Duke from Mission Control that they were go for liftoff. particles emitting from the LM in the vicinity of aluminum close-out panel 51, At 265 hours and 37 minutes into the mission, at a velocity of about 11,000m/s (36,000ft/s), Apollo 16 began atmospheric reentry. The other item was a commemorative medal issued by the United States Air Force, which was celebrating its 25th anniversary in 1972. They entered the LM for activation and checkout of the spacecraft's systems. [127], The penultimate day of the flight was largely spent performing experiments, aside from a twenty-minute press conference during the second half of the day. drove to the rim of North Ray Crater where photographs were taken and samples constraints while wearing the pressurized suits. Illinois, Mattingly was 36 years old at the time of the Apollo 16 mission. Had Anders left NASA before Apollo 11 flew, Mattingly would have taken his place on the backup crew. The LM was powered up and all systems Following transposition and docking, the crew noticed the exterior surface of the lunar module was giving off particles from a spot where the LM's skin appeared torn or shredded; at one point, Duke estimated they were seeing about five to ten particles per second. The television was turned off at had been removed from the Apollo 13 mission because of his susceptibility to designation Eastern Test Range #1601. were Captain John Watts Young (USN), commander; Lt. A separation maneuver was performed at 1972. Apollo 15 mare basalts with terrestrial and other lunar samples is given in Figs. An hour and a half later, at stations 9 and 10, the LRV range, bearing, and [44], After landing, Young and Duke began powering down some of the LM's systems to conserve battery power. injection was achieved at 200:24:15.36 at a velocity of 8,663.0 ft/sec after 64 The command module suffered a three-inch gash in one panel. The period ended Numerous flashes were reported by This traverse took them to a height of just over 65 m (or 213 ft) above the landing site on the mare plain. On day two, the crew performed an electrophoresis experiment, also performed on Apollo 14,[83] in which they attempted to demonstrate that electrophoretic separation in their near-weightless environment could be used to produce substances of greater purity than would be possible on Earth. seen against the Sea of Fertility, approaches the CSM following a successful maneuver at 176:26:05. lunar orbit circularization maneuver. damaged. velocity of 25,605.1 ft/sec. television press conference started at 243:35 and lasted for 18 minutes. [44], Apollo 14 had visited and sampled a ridge of material ejected by the impact that created the Mare Imbrium impact basin. This is his t. The launch vehicle stack, which had been rolled out from the Vehicle Assembly Building on December 13, 1971, was returned thereto on January 27, 1972. Bypassing station seven to save time, they arrived at Station 8 on the lower flank of Stone Mountain, where they sampled material on a ray from South Ray crater for about an hour. controllers evaluated the problem, the CSM maneuvered into a stationkeeping [101], About 1hour and 22 minutes after arriving at the North Ray crater, they departed for Station 13, a large boulder field about 0.5km (0.31mi) from North Ray. 58.1 n mi. mission objectives and most of the detailed objectives being met, although the holds were initiated at T-9 hours for 9 hours and at T-3 hours 30 minutes for central Florida. The vehicles and payload were similar to those of Apollo 15. On first driving the lunar rover, Young discovered that the rear steering was not working. plane-change maneuver and some orbital science photography were deleted so that There was less certainty regarding the Descartes Formation, as it was not clear which if any of the rocks came from there. south and longitude 156.22 west. gimbal anomaly earlier in the mission, a planned CSM orbit-shaping maneuver was Because the Apollo 14 and Apollo 15 landing sites were closely associated with the Imbrium basin, there was still the chance that different geologic processes were prevalent in areas of the lunar highlands far from Mare Imbrium. [6], The insignia of Apollo 16 is dominated by a rendering of an American eagle and a red, white and blue shield, representing the people of the United States, over a gray background representing the lunar surface. This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Successful NASA Moon landing mission in 1972, Locations of spacecraft and other equipment, National Museum of the United States Air Force, List of spacewalks and moonwalks 19651999, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, "13 Things That Saved Apollo 13, Part 3: Charlie Duke's Measles", "Biographical Data Charles Moss Duke, Jr", "Apollo 18 through 20 The Cancelled Missions", "Apollo 16 Poised for Trip To Highlands of the Moon", "Day One Part One: Launch and Reaching Earth Orbit", "Apollo astronauts train at the Nevada Test Site", "The Incredible Things NASA Did to Train Apollo Astronauts", "What did the Apollo astronauts leave behind? splashdown. No deorbit burn On April 21, 1972, Commander John W. Young and Charles M. Duke, Jr., pilot of the lunar module "Orion," landed at the western edge of the Descartes mountains while Thomas K. Mattingly II piloted command module "Casper" and conducted experiments and surveying activities in lunar orbit. At launch time, total distance traveled in the lunar rover vehicle was 14.5 n mi (26.9 km), similar geological formations in Hawaii. The crew Slayton created the support crews early in the Apollo Program on the advice of Apollo crew commander James McDivitt, who would lead Apollo 9. There was no evidence that showed that Stone Mountain was volcanic. This was the third attempt to emplace a HFE: the first flew on Apollo 13 and never reached the lunar surface, while on Apollo 15, problems with the drill meant the probes did not go as deep as planned. LM panel particles floating near the spacecraft and blocking the command module [83], When the astronauts were awakened for flight day three, the spacecraft was about 291,000 kilometers (157,000nmi) away from the Earth. House Rock had numerous bullet hole-like marks where micrometeoroids from space had impacted the rock. 15.50019 east, 668 feet north and 197 feet west of the planned landing site. [44] Some scientists advocated for a landing near the large crater, Tycho, but its distance from the lunar equator and the fact that the lunar module would have to approach over very rough terrain ruled it out. similar to those of Apollo 15. Major Charles Gordon Fullerton (USAF), Colonel James Benson Irwin (USAF), Haise, On the flash phenomena experiment started at 049:10. A transponder failure at 027:09:59 Landed on the Moon, April 1972." problems occurred during EVA-1. The first and second stages of the SaturnV (the S-IC and S-II) performed nominally; the spacecraft entered orbit around Earth just under 12 minutes after lift-off. The support He retired from NASA in 2004. was made at 195:03:13 to separate the CSM from the ascent stage. been due to a guidance circuit breaker inadvertently being left open. transferred the samples, film, and equipment to the CSM, the ascent stage was Apollo 16 changed the way scientists think of the Moon. pilot of Gemini 10, and command module pilot of Apollo 10, the first test of the England, Ph.D., and Lt. They visited a large boulder, taller than a four-story building, which became known as 'House Rock'. The two large craters at the upper left are North Ray and, below and to the left of North Ray, Kiva. These conclusions were informed by observations from Mattingly, the first CMP to use binoculars in his observations, who had seen that from the perspective of lunar orbit, there was nothing distinctive about the Descartes Formationit fit right in with the Mare Imbrium structure. Apollo 16 is gonna change your image. [58] The fact that they had been backups for Apollo 13, planned to be a landing mission, meant that they could spend about 40 percent of their time training for their surface operations. was Spook Crater. [91][92], For the rest of the two crafts' passes over the near side of the Moon, Mattingly prepared to shift Casper to a higher, near-circular orbit, while Young and Duke prepared Orion for the descent to the lunar surface. The crew reported they had observed additional paint peeling from a portion of the LM's outer aluminum skin. [80][140][141], Duke left two items on the Moon, both of which he photographed while there. Lunar dust Mattingly never contracted the illness, but three days before launch was removed from the crew and replaced by his backup, Jack Swigert. post-mission data: [1] Using two different sizes of polystyrene particles, one size colored red and one blue, separation of the two types via electrophoresis was achieved, though electro-osmosis in the experiment equipment prevented the clear separation of two particle bands. powered descent engine firing began at 104:17:25 at an altitude of 10.994 n mi. 102:30:00 and the platforms were realigned at 102:40. During the press conference, the astronauts answered questions pertaining to several technical and non-technical aspects of the mission prepared and listed by priority at the Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston by journalists covering the flight. terrain, there was no response from the rear wheels when full throttle was "[74], Four panels mounted on the LM's descent stage comprised the Cosmic Ray Detector, designed to record cosmic ray and solar wind particles. Three of the panels were left uncovered during the voyage to the Moon, with the fourth uncovered by the crew early in the EVA. 000:09:23.60. [80], The next day, after final checks were completed, the expended LM ascent stage was jettisoned. It lasted 2.01 seconds Peterson. [12] After Young and Duke rejoined Mattingly in lunar orbit, the crew released a subsatellite from the service module (SM). Apollo 15- Hadley Apennine b/w mountain range and valley Hadley Rilles . The Apollo 16 landing site, near the crater Descartes, was chosen as representative of the true lunar highlands, so to speak (England, 1972; Hinners, Once inside, they pressurized the LM cabin, went through a half-hour debriefing with scientists in Mission Control, and configured the cabin for the sleep period. According to mission rules, under such circumstances, Orion was to re-dock with Casper, in case Mission Control decided to abort the landing and use the lunar module's engines for the return trip to Earth. [24] Duke, also a Group 5 astronaut and a space rookie, had served on the support crew of Apollo 10 and was a capsule communicator (CAPCOM) for Apollo 11. [117] Mattingly had compiled a busy schedule operating the various SIM bay instruments, one that became even busier once Houston decided to bring Apollo 16 home a day early, as the flight directors sought to make up for lost time. The changes to the flight plan meant that some areas of the lunar surface that were supposed to be photographed could not be; also, a number of images were overexposed. It was the second of Apollo's "J missions", with an extended stay on the lunar surface, a focus on science, and the use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV). To minimize the transfer of lunar dust from the LM cabin into the CSM, Young and Duke cleaned the cabin before opening the hatch separating the two spacecraft. The apogee and perigee were based upon a spherical Apollo 17 commenced, but no data were available for substantiation. [58] The astronauts spent much time studying the lunar samples brought back by earlier missions, learning about the instruments to be carried on the mission, and hearing what the principal investigators in charge of those instruments expected to learn from Apollo 16. At 007:18, the crew reported a stream of [20] Although not officially announced, Director of Flight Crew Operations Deke Slayton, the astronauts' supervisor, had originally planned to have a backup crew of Haise as commander, William R. Pogue (CMP) and Gerald P. Carr (LMP), who were targeted for the prime crew assignment on Apollo 19. Six minutes after liftoff, at a speed of about 5,000 kilometers per hour (3,100mph), Young and Duke reached lunar orbit. Additional This crater was the main objective of EVA-1, so it was planned to spend 45 minutes there. The reverse of the photo is signed by Duke's family and bears this message: "This is the family of Astronaut Duke from Planet Earth. activated because the LM steerable antenna, used for initial lunar surface The spacecraft Scientists also hoped to learn from an Apollo 12 sample, to be briefly returned to the Moon on Apollo 16, from which "soft" magnetism had been removed, to see if it had been restored on its journey. [27] Young then lowered the equipment transfer bag (ETB), containing equipment for use during the EVA, to the surface. features in a preselected area of the Descartes region; to emplace Apollo 12-Oceanus Pracellarum (Ocean of Storms) in the Mare Insularam (sea of islands) Apollo 13- no landing. The second midcourse correction, Apollo 16 would spend one less day in lunar orbit after surface exploration had been completed to afford the crew ample margins in the event of further problems. At 038:18:56, situation with the LM and prepared either to redock or continue the mission. The remainder of flight day four was spent making observations and preparing for activation of the lunar module, undocking, and landing the following day. "[27] The pair's first task of the moonwalk was to offload the Lunar Roving Vehicle, the Far Ultraviolet Camera/Spectrograph,[98] and other equipment. analysis. flotation attitude, but was successfully returned to the normal flotation [34][35] For Apollo 16, they were: Anthony W. England, Karl G. Henize, Henry W. Hartsfield Jr., Robert F. Overmyer and Donald H. Geologists feared, however, that samples obtained from the crater might have been contaminated by the Imbrium impact, thus preventing Apollo 16 from obtaining samples of pre-Imbrium material. started at 093:34, about 11 minutes early.

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