[556], During the Soviet era, popular music also produced a number of renowned figures, such as the two balladeersVladimir Vysotsky and Bulat Okudzhava,[548] and performers such as Alla Pugacheva. [637], Ice hockey is very popular in Russia, and the Soviet national ice hockey team dominated the sport internationally throughout its existence. [478], Admission to an institute of higher education is selective and highly competitive:[474] first-degree courses usually take five years. ", " : . On the ruins of peasant multilingua, in the context of developing heavy industry, a qualitatively new entity can be said to emergethe general language of the working class capitalism has the tendency of creating the general urban language of a given society. [67] Ethnologue cites Russian as the country's de facto working language. Greene, by Samuel A. and Graeme B. Robertson. [7] In 2009, it recorded annual population growth for the first time in fifteen years; and since the 2010s, Russia has seen increased population growth due to declining death rates, increased birth rates and increased immigration. [615] Television is the most popular medium in Russia. 31 Dec 1999: Putin Presidency begins in Russia. The federal subjects have equal representationtwo delegates eachin the Federation Council, the upper house of the Federal Assembly. [617], Russian and later Soviet cinema was a hotbed of invention, resulting in world-renowned films such as The Battleship Potemkin, which was named the greatest film of all time at the Brussels World's Fair in 1958. [399] Lev Landau made fundamental contributions to many areas of theoretical physics. [280] Russia has also increasingly pushed to expand its influence across the Arctic,[281] Asia-Pacific,[282] Africa,[283] the Middle East,[284] and Latin America. [55] According to the Central Election Commission, 74.8% voted against, 24.9% voted for and the voter turnout was 71.1%. Even modern readers of younger age may only experience slight difficulties understanding some words in Pushkin's texts, since relatively few words used by Pushkin have become archaic or changed meaning. [224] The Siberian rivers of Ob, Yenisey, Lena, and Amur are among the world's longest rivers. ? [376] The main product of Russian farming has always been grain, which occupies considerably more than half of the cropland. [189] It was the first European war of the 21st century. The only native minimal pair that argues for /k/ being a separate phoneme is ([t tkt] eto tkyot "it weaves") ([tt kot], etot kot "this cat"). The tsar promulgated a new code of laws (Sudebnik of 1550), established the first Russian feudal representative body (the Zemsky Sobor), revamped the military, curbed the influence of the clergy, and reorganised local government. "[201] The European Commission announced its support for the efforts to create an international criminal tribunal to prosecute Russia's crimes in the same month and permanently seize all assets held by Russia and its oligarchs to compensate Ukraine. [390] Sofya Kovalevskaya was a pioneer among women in mathematics in the 19th century. Afterward, the influx from the countries of the former Soviet Union changed the statistics somewhat, with ethnic Russians and Ukrainians immigrating along with some more Russian Jews and Central Asians. [84], In the Southern Russian dialects, instances of unstressed /e/ and /a/ following palatalized consonants and preceding a stressed syllable are not reduced to [] (as occurs in the Moscow dialect), being instead pronounced [a] in such positions (e.g. [232][233], Russian biodiversity includes 12,500 species of vascular plants, 2,200 species of bryophytes, about 3,000 species of lichens, 7,0009,000 species of algae, and 20,00025,000 species of fungi. [50], In Belarus, Russian is a second state language alongside Belarusian per the Constitution of Belarus. Besides Russia itself, Russian is an official language in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, and is used widely as a lingua franca throughout Ukraine, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and to some extent in the Baltic states. [503] In 1969, Vladimir Motyl's White Sun of the Desert was released, a very popular film in a genre of ostern; the film is traditionally watched by cosmonauts before any trip into space. [citation needed]. However, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. South Africa is allowing Chinese and Russian warships to conduct naval exercises off its coast next month, raising concerns that the move could alienate trading partners. [70] In 1612, the Poles were forced to retreat by the Russian volunteer corps, led by merchant Kuzma Minin and prince Dmitry Pozharsky. [199], The European Parliament designated Russia as a state sponsor of terrorism and as a state that "uses means of terrorism" in November 2022, citing attacks against civilians, war crimes, and atrocities. Learn how and when to remove this template message, seventh-most spoken language by number of native speakers, eighth-most spoken language by total number of speakers, Geographical distribution of Russian speakers, seventh-largest in the world by number of speakers, Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, List of official languages by institution, International Civil Aviation Organization, International Fund for Agricultural Development, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Organization for Standardization, Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, Ministry of Education and Science (Russia), List of countries and territories where Russian is an official language, "The Change of the Name of the Russian Language in Russian from Rossiiskii to Russkii: Did Politics Have Anything to Do with It? The country's capital and largest city is Moscow. [535] The 16th-century saw the development of the unique tent-like churches; and the onion dome design, which is a distinctive feature of Russian architecture. Percentage of ethnic Russians by region according to the 2010 census. [citation needed], Significant Russian-speaking groups also exist in Western Europe. .: , 1990. [106], The Allied powers launched an unsuccessful military intervention in support of anti-communist forces. [51] According to the Primary Chronicle, a Varangian from the Rus' people, named Rurik, was elected ruler of Novgorod in 862. The Russian perspective. For all intents and purposes, krais are legally identical to oblasts. [644] Russia has produced numerous prominent tennis players. Some scholars and collectors compiled local dictionaries. We have almost no studies of lexical material or the syntax of Russian dialects.[45]. An update proposed in the late 1990s has met a hostile reception, and has not been formally adopted. [41] In classical antiquity, the Pontic-Caspian Steppe was known as Scythia. [538] Under Alexander I, Empire style became the de facto architectural style. Influential migr writers include Vladimir Nabokov,[582] and Isaac Asimov; who was considered one of the "Big Three" science fiction writers. [citation needed], All the obsolete 8-bit encodings are rarely used in the communication protocols and text-exchange data formats, having been mostly replaced with UTF-8. It is a descendant of Old East Slavic, a language used in Kievan Rus', which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid 13th centuries. 31 Dec 1999: Putin Presidency begins in Russia. [155] In May 1988, the Soviets started to withdraw from Afghanistan, due to international opposition, persistent anti-Soviet guerrilla warfare, and a lack of support by Soviet citizens. [453] The constitution gives the country's individual republics the right to establish their own state languages in addition to Russian, as well as guarantee its citizens the right to preserve their native language and to create conditions for its study and development. [402] Many famous Russian scientists and inventors were migrs. ", "Why India and Russia Are Going to Stay Friends", "Testing the world order: strategic realism in Russian foreign affairs", "Ukraine cuts diplomatic ties with Russia after invasion", "Russia and Turkey: Strategic Partners and Rivals", "Russia in the ArcticA Critical Examination", Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, "Russia Tries to Boost Asia Ties to Counter Indo-Pacific Alliances", "Russia in Africa: What's behind Moscow's push into the continent? [75] The Israeli press and websites regularly publish material in Russian and there are Russian newspapers, television stations, schools, and social media outlets based in the country. Websites in former Soviet Union member states also used high levels of Russian: 79.0% in Ukraine, 86.9% in Belarus, 84.0% in Kazakhstan, 79.6% in Uzbekistan, 75.9% in Kyrgyzstan and 81.8% in Tajikistan. [44], The establishment of the first East Slavic states in the 9th century coincided with the arrival of Varangians, the Vikings who ventured along the waterways extending from the eastern Baltic to the Black and Caspian Seas. Summary by language size. (Ty syel pechnye? [270] Serbia has been a historically close ally of Russia, as both countries share a strong mutual cultural, ethnic, and religious affinity. [94], The late 19th century saw the rise of various socialist movements in Russia. 992/2020 Russian Federation Constitution", "Suspending Disbelief: 'Cults' and Postmodernism in Post-Soviet Russia", " : vs ", "Scythian Neo-Paganism in the Caucasus: The Ossetian Uatsdin as a 'Nature Religion', " ' ', "Freedom of Conscience in Russia: Restrictions and Challenges in 2020", "Jehovah's Witnesses as Extremists: The Russian State, Religious Pluralism, and Human Rights", "Literacy rate, adult total (% of people ages 15 and above) Russian Federation", "Government expenditure on education, total (% of GDP) Russian Federation", "Early childhood care and education in the Russian Federation", "Russian rivieia: from Soviet sanatoriums to lush gardens, your walking guide to seaside Sochi", "Constraints on Universal Health Care in the Russian Federation", United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, "Healthcare in Russia: the Russian healthcare system explained", "Current health expenditure (% of GDP) Russian Federation", "Analysis of the Financing of Russian Health Care over the Past 100 Years", International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, "Life expectancy and Healthy life expectancy, data by country", "Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) Russian Federation", "Why does Russia have such high cardiovascular mortality rates? The second 20-volumed edition was begun in 1991, but not all volumes have been finished. [336], Russia is the world's thirteenth-largest exporter and the 21st-largest importer. [321][322] To quash the insurgency in the North Caucasus, Russian authorities have been accused of indiscriminate killings,[323] arrests, forced disappearances, and torture of civilians. : -? Russia also takes a leading role in organisations such as the CIS,[265] the EAEU,[266] the CSTO,[267] the SCO,[268] and BRICS. [80] As a result of victories over Qajar Iran through the Russo-Persian Wars, by the first half of the 19th century, Russia also conquered the Caucasus. [587] Mikhail Bakhtin's writings have significantly inspired scholars. Russia was the world's fifth-leading destination for international students in 2019, hosting roughly 300 thousand. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics. [199] Putin and Russian-installed leaders signed treaties of accession, internationally unrecognized and widely denounced as illegal, despite the fact that Russian forces have been unable to fully occupy any of the four regions. [593], Russian cuisine has been formed by climate, cultural and religious traditions, and the vast geography of the nation; and it shares similarities with the cuisines of its neighbouring countries. [634] Russia was the host nation for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup,[635] and the 2018 FIFA World Cup. [518], There are many popular non-public holidays. [44] Moscow gradually absorbed its parent duchy and surrounding principalities, including formerly strong rivals such as Tver and Novgorod. [144] Dependent communist governments were installed in the Eastern Bloc satellite states. [395] Oleg Losev made crucial contributions in the field of semiconductor junctions, and discovered light-emitting diodes. [93] During most of the 19th and early 20th century, Russia and Britain colluded over Afghanistan and its neighboring territories in Central and South Asia; the rivalry between the two major European empires came to be known as the Great Game. [143], After World War II, parts of Eastern and Central Europe, including East Germany and eastern parts of Austria were occupied by Red Army according to the Potsdam Conference. Russian artillery fire down 75% in some areas, US officials say, in latest sign of struggles for Moscow. (See also: vowel reduction in Russian. [501] Bandy is Russia's national sport, and it has historically been the highest-achieving country in the sport. [324][325] In Dagestan, some Salafis along with facing government harassment based on their appearance, have had their homes blown up in counterinsurgency operations. [566], The first great Russian novelist was Nikolai Gogol. ", Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies, Journal of the American Academy of Religion, "Leninism: What It Was and What It Was Not", "7 kinds of Russian bread you'll want to bite the crust off of", "When it comes to bread, Russians don't loaf", "Spotlight on Smetana: Russia's Sour Cream", "Understanding Russia's obsession with mayonnaise", "From sizzling shashlik to spicy seekh kebabs: barbecue recipes from around the world", "Russian Vinegret salad: Super-easy and super-traditional", "Map: Where the world's biggest vodka drinkers are", Obzor rossiyskogo rynka alkogol'noy produktsii. [376] Russia is the world's largest exporter of wheat,[379][380] the largest producer of barley and buckwheat, among the largest exporters of maize and sunflower oil, and the leading producer of fertilizer. [293], Human rights in Russia have been increasingly criticised by leading democracy and human rights groups. [426], Moscow, the nation's cosmopolitan capital and historic core, is a bustling megacity. [231] They include 45 biosphere reserves,[235] 64 national parks, and 101 nature reserves. The yers and originally indicated the pronunciation of ultra-short or reduced //, //. [231], Russia's entirely natural ecosystems are conserved in nearly 15,000 specially protected natural territories of various statuses, occupying more than 10% of the country's total area. Throughout his rule, sweeping reforms were made, which brought significant Western European cultural influences to Russia. [51] 77% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 67% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. A separate private health insurance plan is needed to access private healthcare in Russia. Russian, the most spoken Slavic language, is the shared mother tongue of the Russians; and Orthodox Christianity is their historical religion since the 11th century. ? [493] The country's high suicide rate, although on the decline,[494] remains a significant social issue. [citation needed]. During the post-World War II era, Russia was a central player in international affairs, locked in a Cold War struggle with the United States.In 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia joined with WebOn This Day. [422] Russia's international tourism receipts in 2018 amounted to $11.6 billion. [44] The age of feudalism and decentralisation had come, marked by constant in-fighting between members of the Rurik dynasty that ruled Kievan Rus' collectively. The first East Slavic state, Kievan Rus', arose in the 9th century, and in 988, it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire. It maintains diplomatic relations with 190 United Nations member states, four partially-recognised states, and three United Nations observer states; along with 144 embassies. [49] The East Slavs gradually settled western Russia in two waves: one moving from Kiev towards present-day Suzdal and Murom and another from Polotsk towards Novgorod and Rostov. [454] However, various experts have claimed Russia's linguistic diversity is rapidly declining due to many languages becoming endangered. [631] Russian clubs CSKA Moscow and Zenit Saint Petersburg won the UEFA Cup in 2005 and 2008. Almost every consonant has a hard or soft counterpart, and the distinction is a prominent feature of the language. [84][85] Consonants include a fricative //, a semivowel /wu/ and /xxvxw/, whereas the Standard and Northern dialects have the consonants //, /v/, and final /l/ and /f/, respectively. [53], In 2005, Russian was the most widely taught foreign language in Mongolia,[73] and was compulsory in Year 7 onward as a second foreign language in 2006.[20]. [636] However, Russian teams are currently suspended from FIFA and UEFA competitions. [566] From the early 1830s, during the Golden Age of Russian Poetry, literature underwent an astounding golden age in poetry, prose and drama. )[citation needed]. The United Kingdom, Germany, Finland, Spain, Portugal, France, Italy, Belgium, Greece, Norway, and Austria have significant Russian-speaking communities. [237] Russia had a Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 9.02 in 2019, ranking 10th out of 172 countries; and the first ranked major nation globally. [citation needed] The law faced criticism from officials in Russia. [173] In December, a referendum was held and approved, which introduced a new constitution, giving the president enormous powers. [47][99][100], According to figures published in 2006 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L.,[101] the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in Russia in particular. ", Iliev, Iv. The most common type of federal subject with a governor and locally elected legislature. International rankings of Russia place it low in measurements of human rights and freedom of the press; the country also has high levels of perceived corruption. [142] However, at the expense of a large sacrifice, the Soviet Union emerged as a global superpower. WebRussia ( Russian: , Rossiya, [rsij] ), or the Russian Federation, [c] is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. (. Boris Yeltsin resigns in a shock live television announcement. [528] The turn of the 20th century saw the rise of symbolism; represented by Mikhail Vrubel and Nicholas Roerich. [384] It also ranked tenth worldwide in the number of scientific publications in 2020, with roughly 1.3 million papers. [43], In the 3rd to 4th centuries CE, the Gothic kingdom of Oium existed in southern Russia, which was later overrun by Huns. The punctuation, originally based on Byzantine Greek, was in the 17th and 18th centuries reformulated on the French and German models. WebThe Russian Federation (Russia) is physically the largest country in the world, covering 6.6 million square miles and 11 time zones over its 6,000-mile length. [2], Russia, home of over 100,000 rivers,[209] has one of the world's largest surface water resources, with its lakes containing approximately one-quarter of the world's liquid fresh water. BBC. [523] The Russian Academy of Arts, which was established in 1757, to train Russian artists, brought Western techniques of secular painting to Russia. Russia's largest port is the Port of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar Krai along the Black Sea. The name Rus' itself comes from the early medieval Rus' people, who were a group of Norse merchants and warriors who relocated from across the Baltic Sea and founded a state centred on Novgorod that later became Kievan Rus'. Russian emergency services told the state-run news agency Interfax that the sergeant accidentally detonated a hand grenade which caused ammunition to blow up and started a fire. Russia is home to 30 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Fighting continues after a 36-hour Russian-proposed ceasefire which Ukraine dismissed as a cynical ploy ended overnight Saturday. It is a descendant of Old East Slavic, a language used in Kievan Rus', which was a loose conglomerate of East Slavic tribes from the late 9th to the mid 13th centuries. Mike Myrianthis, a Greek oil industry veteran, believes that whoever bombed the Nord Stream 2 pipeline opened a can of worms. Over the course of centuries, the vocabulary and literary style of Russian have also been influenced by Western and Central European languages such as Greek, Latin, Polish, Dutch, German, French, Italian, and English,[36] and to a lesser extent the languages to the south and the east: Uralic, Turkic,[37][38] Persian,[39][40] Arabic, and Hebrew. The dialects often show distinct and non-standard features of pronunciation and intonation, vocabulary, and grammar. [47][99][100], As inter-ethnic language but with no official status, or. [12] Russia is the most populous country in Europe, and the world's ninth most populous country, with a population density of 9 inhabitants per square kilometre (23 per square mile). [citation needed], In Uzbekistan, Russian is the language of inter-ethnic communication. [166] Many of the newly rich moved billions in cash and assets outside of the country in an enormous capital flight. Primary school is compulsory for eleven years, starting from age 6 to 7, and leads to a basic general education certificate. Coordinates: 66N 94E / 66N 94E / 66; 94. [73] In 1654, the Ukrainian leader, Bohdan Khmelnytsky, offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian tsar, Alexis; whose acceptance of this offer led to another Russo-Polish War. While /ts, k, , x/ do have true palatalized allophones [ts, k, , x], only /k/ might be considered a phoneme, though it is marginal and generally not considered distinctive. [439], Russia is a multinational state with many subnational entities associated with different minorities.

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