Mart. improper handling and lack of packaging and refrigerated storage facilities are the major problems . Land degradation impact index (GLADIS). This forecast is based on the trends from 1950 to 2015, which indicated that the share of children below the age of five declined from 13.4% to 9.1%, while above 65years life expectant increased from 5.1 to 8.3% (FAO, 2017). Consequently, the countrys minimum temperature has increased by 0.37C to 0.4C per decade (Astawsegn, 2014). Therefore, rectifications of the agricultural policies across the country that support the young generation might be important to increase production and productivity (Anriquez & Stloukal, 2008). The mono-cropping system of some crops in the central highland of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). Agriculture constitutes over 50% of economic sector in Ethiopia, and the largest dependable economic activity. Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. Machinery including computers: US$1.7 billion (11.4% of total imports) Agriculture is the mainstay of Ethiopian economy involving major source of employment and gross national product. This isconstrained by abiotic and biotic factors. Do you need underlay for laminate flooring on concrete? The reduced precipitation and rise of temperature could influence agricultural practices and their results widely (Shekuru et al., 2020). Soil erosion is an endogenous factor that happened during heavy rainfall and wind. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The disintegrated practices cost more budget and even may not meet their purpose due to mismanagement along the multiple channels. Therefore, it requires committed and greater efforts of government and its people. Economical irrigation potential by river basin of Ethiopia. It reduces yield, flora, fauna, and soil productivity and affects the hydrological balances negatively. Non-Implementation of Government Policies. This aggravated soil erosion, low agricultural output, conflict, and food insecurity in the country (MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands), 2018). The increased population and landlessness of the subsequent farming generations led to unwise use of natural resources in general and forest in particular. avoids the problem of heteroskedasticity and endogeneity, reduces the problem of multi . Conservational agriculture approaches seek to reduce soil disturbance by minimizing mechanical tillage, maintain a protective organic cover on the soil surface, and cultivate a wider range of plant species both annuals and perennials in associations, sequences, and rotations that may include trees, shrubs, pastures, and crops, for example, rotation cropping systems of pulses or legumes build up and maintain soil nitrogen levels (FAO, 2017). It includes production of livestock products (milk, egg, meat), beverages, leather and . These activities may include the provision of social services to accommodate the new generation (FAO, 2017). They farm on very small plots of fragmented land and often are used unsuitable primitive techniques that are not effective for their agro-ecological zones (Lebeda et al., 2010). ILRI. This is the root of all agricultural problems in the country. It also did not indicate methods of curbing environmental degradation that could result from the lease of the natural resources to private investment be it agriculture or mining. Agriculture is the foundation of Ethiopia's economy. IUCN (international union for conservation of nature). Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soil's physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. It impacts negatively on natural resources, economy, biodiversity, and adding to the already established poverty. The country has also ample opportunity in the areas of animal production that ranks first in Africa in the number of livestock heads. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. The number of hot days and hot nights increased in this duration of the season (Asaminew & Diriba, 2015). A crossectional study was conducted to identify the major health problems of dairy cattle and associated risk factors in and around Hawassa Town, Southern Ethiopia. In fact, the soil erosion caused by rainfall is severe on the topography of the land that has a slope of more than 16%. What is causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed? Dryland areas in Ethiopia encompass pastoral and agro-pastoral areas in the country and have long been regarded as peripheries especially in economic terms. Ethiopia is relatively close to major export markets such as the Middle East and Europe, Djibouti and Somalia, and can benefit a lot from banana exports. The major factors are increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, rising temperature levels, possibly leading to more drought and floods. What are the two types of dynamic programming? Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall variability by Agro-ecological zones from 1979 to 2013, Table 5. The food demand and price are increased in the recent decade than ever in Ethiopia. 1 What are the major problem of agriculture in Ethiopia? In 20182020years alone the locust caused high-yield losses in the rift valley, eastern, north-central, and northern parts of Ethiopia. Weak institutional and policy frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land administration and use (Dubovyk, 2017). This is an impediment to increasing yield and rather leads to poverty and food insecurity. Statistical development series no.12, 2000 world census of agriculture, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). But this situation is exacerbated by man-made factors like deforestation, cultivation, or plowed vertical along a downslope direction that increases runoff and soil erosion (Bishaw, 2001). A rural community settlement has another negative impact on the utilization of farmlands for mechanization. Ethiopia is characterized by agricultural challenges and bright future prospects in the sector. These still indicated very little transformation in the utilization of technologies in production. In the coming decades, ensuring food security for the Ethiopians will face great challenges. Why poverty? What ways affect agricultural development in Ethiopia? The cost is too expensive and sometimes lost half of the farmer's profit. This is true in the case of Ethiopia, where the youngsters are more motivated to buy and use the innovated and improved agricultural technologies than older generations even in recent times. Your email address will not be published. Nevertheless, arable land is an indispensable resource for Ethiopians to secure food and food self-sufficiency. Key constraints to agricultural productivity in Ethiopia include low availability of improved or hybrid seed, lack of seed multiplication capacity, low profitability and efficiency of fertilizer use due to the lack of complimentary improved practices and seed, and lack of irrigation and water constraints. It posed a huge challenge to Ethiopians. It improves the drastic cuts in economy-wide and agricultural fossil fuel use by addressing climate change, prevent emerging transboundary agricultural threats like pests and natural hazards, which affects all ecosystems and every aspect of human life through International collaboration (FAO, 2017). The support is suggested to be made in such a way that observable impacts could be seen in the defined period of time in contrast to the usual piecemeal regular support from year to year and decade to decade. This report indicated that India, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Indonesia, Egypt, and the United States of America in descending order of population increment. Desertification 3. For many low-income families, low harvests mean they do not have enough food and are unable to eat nutritious food on a regular basis. This is why they are unable to sustain the demand of rising rural population density as the farm sizes declined (Josephson et al., 2014). For instance, the citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and mango fruit flies. Most soils in the tropical region including Ethiopia are highly weathered and infertile due to lower organic matter content and open nutrient cycling systems. Ticks (species of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Boophilus decolaratus, Rhipicephelus evertsi, and Amblyomma variegatum), Tsetse Fly (Glossina pallidipes), Mange (Chorioptes bovis, and Sarcoptes), biting flies (Stomoxys calcitrans (stable Fly)) are vector-borne parasitic diseases of livestock and endoparasites such as helminths (nematodes: Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus (chaerbertia, oesophagostomum), Nematodirus, Bunostomum (hookworm), Toxocara vitulorum, cooperia, Dictyocaulus), estodes: moeniezia genus, cysticercus, Echinococcus granulosus), Trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, and Fasciola gigantic) and Coccidia are directly constrained livestock production in Ethiopia (Diriba, 2020; Welay et al., 2018; Ministry of Agriculture, 2014). Perhaps, environmental degradation, climate change, and limited advanced agricultural technology tend to be affecting much more the older farmers than their younger, healthier, and better-educated counterparts. These policy regulations may include changing the current fragmented agricultural activities into unified mechanized farming systems as a strategic developmental plan. Ethiopia was ranked 92 in the world in Global Hunger Index 2020. Ethiopia is a country of peasants with primitive agriculture. This is frequently partitioned up to 1991. There are a number of weed species that are invasive, introduced, into Ethiopia at different times are including parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L. (Asteraceae)); water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (C. Summary of the spatial variability of surface water in Ethiopia. (2010). Agriculture in Ethiopia is mainly dependent on rainfed systems, and this dependency has put the majority of the Ethiopian population at the mercy of meteorological variability. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. GFRA (Global Forest Resources Assessment). Principal crops grown are coffee, pulses, oilseeds, potatoes, sugarcane, and a few vegetables. If critical issues are not addressed the food price inflation creates political instability, disorder, chaos, unemployment, malnutrition, hunger, poverty, imbalance, and inefficient resource distributions among the nations which may lead to migration. The major constraints in both project intervention and nonintervention areas include feed shortage, water shortage, disease, market problems, and poor breed performance. In Ethiopia, the scarcity of arable farmland and landlessness increased than ever in general and very high in the highland areas in particular (Diriba, 2020). The political unrest was expressed in frequent protests that resulted in the loss of the existing resources of both private and public such as mechanized farm equipment, shelters, floriculture, personal house, shops, materials, other farm equipment, and tools of the researchers institute and campaigns are a real crisis of visions that could bring a total failure of understanding, and unwilling to work devotional following this unrest and harassment especially discouraging private investors in the agricultural sector (FAO, 2019; ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), 2017; ATA, 2014; ATA, 2013). In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. Monthly, seasonal and annual rainfall trend analyses from 1979 to 2013years, Table 6. Just clear tips and lifehacks for every day. Arable land refers to the potential of land where its soil and climatic conditions are suitable for growing crops and rearing animals. To determine whether farmers consider termites as one of their problems in growing trees and practices they use to manage termites, short semi-structured questionnaires were distributed to farmers selected randomly. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). Ethiopian Economic Association / Ethiopian . This made the farmers unable to withstand seasonal risks of crop failure or animal deaths that even worsen the problem and force them to live in continuous poverty and are hopeless. However, the expected level was not achieved. The variation of climate change in Ethiopia is not limited to rainfall but includes temperatures (Tables 7 and 8), relative humidity, wind, and others. It was highly aggravated in the Middle East countries of the world (Figure 2). Ethiopias population is growing into the 21st century with their generationally acquired wisdom and skills. Such developmental policy should take into account religious preference, cultural habits of the people, and protection against losses of biodiversity by strengthening the successive strategic plans. Coffee is the largest foreign exchange earner. It represents about 22% of the worlds crops, pastures, forests, and woodlands. MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development). The farming systems are facing constraints such as small land size, lack of resources, and increasing degradation of soil quality that hamper sustainable crop production and food security. 3099067 The same could be a blessing provided that natural resources could be utilized as it is needed by the labor force. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. EEA/EEPRI. Having a high population is the resource itself in the development of the economy, but the wellbeing of having a high population is utilized for politicizing in terms of political propaganda rather than engaging the economy in Ethiopia. Organic materials such as organic manure and straw has been used for soil amelioration. More than 85% of the Ethiopian land is degraded to various degrees (Gebreselassie et al., 2016). The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2 percent per annum over the next ten years. It is too old in the case of the current context or generations. Shortage of finance is one of the major problems facing small farmers. 1. What are the major problems of soil in Ethiopia? The country misused these gifted natural resources in agricultural activities possibly mainly due to the political unrest characterized by the frequent war that weakened the economy rather than focused on development. Only 2% of smallholder land is irrigated and as little as 3.7% have access to agricultural machinery. Cultivating effective. Small-scale producers and landless households are the most vulnerable to climate change in Ethiopia. But its adaptation varies across countries and intercontinental level, for example, it is adopted highly in the cropland of Australia, Canada, and the southern cone of South America (above 50%) and low in Africa, Central Asia, and China (FAO, 2011a). Ethiopias total export earnings by value increased by 12% from the previous year. While, Gebreyesus and Kirubel (2009) reported that the heavy reliance of some 85 percent of Ethiopia's growing population on an exploitative kind of subsistence agriculture is a major reason behind the current state of land degradation. Vertically coordinated, more organized food systems offer standardized food for urban areas and formal employment opportunities for both rural and urban areas. ELPAA (Ethiopia Land Policy and Administration Assessment). The northern part of Ethiopia is highly affected historically by drought/famine several times. Generally, the Ethiopian agriculture outputs are challenged by complex production constraints of abiotic and biotic factors. But loss and decline of biodiversity are the major problem of Ethiopia that caused by a range of drivers, such as either natural or human-induced factor that directly or indirectly causes a change in an ecosystem. Table 9. Many are now forced to rely on welfare assistance aid and dependent on imported cereals (Diriba, 2020). This report also indicated that the Ethiopian government planned the development of small-scale irrigation to 1.7 million ha between 2015 and 2020. (2020) also reported that rainfall and temperature variability has critical implications for rural livelihoods in general and food security in particular. FAO (2016) indicated that in Ethiopia the water flows along the Nile Basin, Rift valley, Shebelli-Juba, and the Northeast coast has the potential to irrigate about 5.7 million ha., but at present, about 2.7 million ha is utilized. Leaving crop residue in the farmland and adding organic matter is used for improving soil fertility and maximize the water-holding capacity of the soil (Pisante et al., 2012). It is almost unbelievable that policymakers, scholars, and practitioners of the most advanced technologies failed to anticipate the problems of food security and agricultural development before they unfolded in Ethiopia (Diriba, 2020). 4 Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? The uses of improved drought-tolerant crop varieties are also helpful in saving water. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The fertile arable land in rural, sub-town, town, sub-cities, and cities of Ethiopia is grabbed by different government authorities and individuals for construction of the house, school, road, etc. Therefore, it requires taking critical actions to solve it. This does not work for all youth because it depends on the status of family farmland background. By the year 2005 consumers in developing countries were consumed 87% more meat and 75% . Over 60% of Ethiopian coffee is produced as forest coffee, and therefore the use . Let's start with the most obvious one. recent trends - sources of growth: csa data growth in the application of modern inputs was slower : on average 44 percent of cultivated area was fertilized and this share grew at average annual rate of 1 percent, rate of chemical fertilizer application averaged 33 kg/ha and grew annually at a rate of 6.8 percent, application of improved seed Therefore, improving the implementation of extension service in agronomic practices, afforestation, protection of livestock and crop plants, accessing financial support, and accessing time-based markets can improve the livelihood of the community (UNCTAD, 2017). The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that enables it to grow a diversity of horticultural crops. Working together to achieve food security is becoming a requirement in the current era. Ethiopia has varies potentials regarding to aggro-ecological zones. Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? The majority of insect pests of economic importance in Ethiopia belong to the category of regular based on their occurrence as indicated in Table 9. Particularly in the northern provinces, which have been settled with sedentary agriculture for millennia, population density has caused major damage to the soil's physical base, to its organic and chemical nutrients, and to the natural vegetation cover. It accounts for about 33% of the land area (FAO , 2015). Investing in the rearing of livestock and its products including live animals, meat, leather goods, and milk is a major source of foreign exchange and household consumption values (Gelan et al., 2012). It varies from season to season, and year to year across agro-ecological regions [(Dega (high land), Woina Dega (midland), and kola (lowland)] of the country (Shekuru et al., 2020) (Tables 4, 5, and 6). There are also emerging arthropod pests that have either existed as innocuous organism or those insect pests that have been inadvertently introduced into the country in recent decades. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. Furthermore, this sector requires marketing opportunities to export to foreign countries. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country.

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